> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://hacking-notes.jord4n.pro/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://hacking-notes.jord4n.pro/hacking-wifi/basic-concepts.md).
# Basic Concepts
Basic WiFi and networking concepts for wireless security notes.
These concepts cover interfaces, adapters, and network addresses. Use them before analyzing an in-scope WiFi network.
### Network interfaces
Use `ifconfig` to list the available network interfaces.
```bash
ifconfig
```
`ens33` is a local network interface. It can have a private IP address.
`wlx00c0cabd0890` is the wireless adapter used during testing. This output shows monitor mode:
```bash
wlx00c0cabd0890 IEEE 802.11 Mode:Monitor Frequency:2.484 GHz Tx-Power=6 dBm
Retry short limit:7 RTS thr:off Fragment thr:off
Power Management:off
```
### Network adapters
The wireless adapter must support monitor mode. Without it, WiFi testing will not work.
### Public and private IP addresses
A private IP identifies devices inside a local network. A public IP identifies the Internet connection.
Check the local IP addresses assigned to the device:
```bash
hostname -I
```
Check the public IP address with:
```bash
curl ifconfig.me
```
### MAC addresses
A MAC address identifies a network interface. It acts as a hardware identifier.
A MAC address can be changed through spoofing. Keep spoofing activity tied to approved devices and documented tests.
Check an interface's MAC address with `macchanger`:
```bash
macchanger -s wlx00c0cabd0890
```
---
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